Definition and Discussion of the Minutes of a Meeting

Definition and Discussion of the Minutes of a Meeting In business composing, minutes are the authority put down account of a gathering. Minutes fill in as a lasting record ofâ the subjects considered, ends came to, activities taken, and assignments given.â Minutes might be kept by any person in participation at a gathering and are normally circulated to all individuals from the unit spoke to at the meeting.Minutes are commonly written in the basic past tense. The Main Parts of Meeting Minutes Numerous associations utilize a standard layout or an uncommon configuration for keeping minutes, and the request for the parts may shift. HeadingThe name of the board of trustees (or other unit) and the date, area, and beginning time of the meeting.ParticipantsThe name of the individual leading the gathering alongside the names of every one of the individuals who went to the gathering (counting visitors) and the individuals who were pardoned from attending.Approval of past minutesA note on whether the minutes of the past gathering were affirmed and whether any adjustments were made.Action things (counting incomplete business from the past meeting)A report on every subject examined at the gathering. (For every thing, note the topic of the conversation, the name of the individual who drove the conversation, and any choices that may have been reached.)AnnouncementsA report on any declarations made by members, including proposed plan things for the following meeting.Next MeetingA note on where and when the following gathering will be held.AdjournmentA note on the time the gathering ended.Signature lineThe name of the indiv idual who arranged the minutes and the date they were submitted. Perceptions A decent arrangement of minutesâ can give the gathering a feeling of progress; garbled jottings (which may all the more intently take after verbatim transcripts) leave everybody bewildered.(David R. Buchanan, An Ethic for Health Promotion: Rethinking the Sources of Human Well-Being. Oxford University Press, 2000)In composing minutes, be clear, far reaching, objective, and conciliatory. Try not to decipher what occurred; essentially report it. Since gatherings infrequently follow the plan consummately, you may think that its difficult to give an exact record of the gathering. In the event that fundamental, intrude on the conversation to demand clarification.Do not record enthusiastic trades between members. Since minutes are the official record of the gathering, you need them to consider decidedly the members and the organization.(Mike Markel, Technical Communication, ninth ed. Bedford/St. Martins, 2010)Guidelines for Writing Meeting Minutes-The recorder ought to have the option to compose the minutes in close to conclusive structure as the gathering advances.- The minutes should concentrate on results and conceded to activities. . . .- The minutes ought to be exceptionally summed up, not a weight to peruse. Be brief; sum up results and purposes of understanding and contradiction; dont record point by point input.- Avoid composing minutes to advise those missing from the gathering.- Write the minutes not long after the gathering and disseminate them expeditiously (inside a day or two).(Murray Hiebert and Bruce Klatt, The Encyclopedia of Leadership: A Practical Guide to Popular Leadership. McGraw-Hill, 2001) The Lighter Side of Minutes Russell Stringer Bell: [W]hat is that?Sean Shamrock McGinty: Robert Rules state we gotta have minutes for a gathering, isn't that so? These the minutes.Russell Stringer Bell: [I]s you taking notes on a criminal . . . conspiracy?(Idris Elba and Richard Burton in Straight and True. The Wire, 2004)

Hate Crimes Essays - Racism, Discrimination, Hate Crime,

Abhor Crimes Dread, outrage and disappointment. These are three subjects that run all through all abhor gatherings. Most abhor bunches structure during times of financial hardship or social change. Certain gatherings of individuals start to censure another gathering for the explanation of a significant social or efficient change. After the Civil War, the South experienced both monetary hardship and exceptional social change. For a considerable length of time, the south had depended on captives to gather crops at ranches. When the slaves were liberated, the ranches weren't being taken a shot at any longer, making the proprietors free a great deal of cash. At the point when this occurred, six previous Confederate warriors began a detest bunch called the Ku Klux Klan. During the post-Civil War time, the Klan was exceptionally famous among southern whites. Their obliviousness was taking care of the fire that blacks were the base of their concern, when in reality the white's obliviousness is the base of their own issues. The Klan has since faded away and risen various occasions with the beginning of numerous social changes, for example, the ladies' privileges development (1920's) and the social equality development (1960's). Another huge and obliterating detest bunch is the neo-Nazis. These common laborers individuals censure all settlers for removing employments from the whites. Their numbness pushes them up until this point as to brutally assault and murder blacks, Jews, Hispanics, Asians, and gay people. Detest wrongdoings can happen whenever, anyplace. In a little Texas town of Jasper, Texas, 3 white men are under overwhelming gatekeeper in the wake of being blamed for a homicide of a guiltless man. Shawn Berry,23, Lawrence Brewer,31, and John King, 23, purportedly individuals from the radical Aryan Fraternity, hauled a dark man to his demise behind a get truck, tearing his body to pieces. James Byrd, Jr., a multi year-old, previous vacuum cleaner sales rep crippled by an arm injury, was strolling home from a gathering praising the wedding of his niece, when he was picked up by the three white men, who offered him a ride. As indicated by Berry, who educated on his two buddies, they headed to a disengaged wood, and King was asserted to have said that he was ?fixing to panic the s**t out of that n****r.? James Byrd was beaten and kicked by the three white men. Apparently oblivious, he was tied by the lower legs to a snare on the rear of the truck, which at that point pulled him around two miles along a limited, winding black-top street. His effects, a wallet and keys, were dispersed afterward, alongside false teeth and parts of his body. The middle was found in a river. Near to, void lager jars were dispersed on the grass. James Byrd's head, neck and right arm were found a mile away. Loathe violations are not constantly dedicated against minorities. In Las Vegas, two Anti-Racist Activity individuals were killed. As indicated by reports in the Las Vegas Review-Journal and from Anti-Racist Action in Columbus, the collections of Daniel Shersty, 20, and Lin Newborn, 25, were found in the desert 150 yards from one another. The bodies were situated in a region of the desert known for a spot where Nazis target shoot. The two men were killed in execution style slayings. Once in a while these appalling wrongdoings happen inside one's own family. The evening of March 5, David and Bryan Freeman concluded the time had come to act. Time to follow up on the new convictions they had learned. Time to demonstrate to their new companions that they were genuine troopers of the racial war they were told was coming. On that Sunday night, despise went to the Freeman house. The young men, ages 15 and 17, trapped their mom in the ground floor passage, cutting and clubbing her until she kicked the bucket. At that point they went upstairs and did likewise to their father while he lay in his bed. Their little sibling Erik, 11, was snoozing when the more established siblings went into his room and beat him to death as well. What might cause individuals to perpetrate such appalling violations, for example, these? Why not ask Mark Thomas, an extremist coordinator who works a ?service for racists? in eastern Pennsylvania. It was at this ?Aryan Nations of Pennsylvania? where the Freeman siblings were educated by Mark Thomas that it was O.K. to detest. The siblings, alongside many others gone to a Hitler Youth Festival last April where Mark Thomas showed them weapons aptitudes on a rifle run and different things of the sort. As a self pronounced reverend, Mark Thomas instructs a bent strict known

Cyber Attack as a Serious Problem for NASAs Information Security

Cyber Attack as a Serious Problem for NASA’s Information Security Challenges NASA in Cyber Crime Nov 15, 2018 in Coursework Challenges NASA is Faced with NASA has been a victim to cyber crime lately. The hackers have gained access to security information of NASA IT systems and corrupted several files. This trend is worrying, and unless something is done, NASA faces serious information crises. It is also vital to determine, where the problem began. Was it foreseeable? Is it an inside job? These are some of the questions that top administration at NASA is facing. Office of Inspector General (abbreviated simply as OIG) is dedicated to dispensation of aggressive and independent oversight of NASA. The dedication by NASA to secure its IT resources cannot be overstated. However, in doing this, NASA is faced with serious challenges like loss of the Agencys systems and information from malicious thefts and inadvertent loss. The challenges have been: Unawareness of NASAs IT security exposure Challenges in implementing consistent IT security monitoring approach Slow speed of encrypting NASAs mobile devices and laptop computers Combating sophisticated cyber attacks Shift to advantages assumed by cloud computing.

Management Accounting Of British Airways - 1573 Words

Management Accounting of British Airways This report is produced to explain how management accounting can help to assist management of British Airways. This report includes how British airways began its operation, the various services it provides, competitors and how management accounting techniques help grow the organisation. This report focuses on background of the British Airways, company analysis, and cost analysis and how management accounting techniques can assist Management of British Airways. Background of the company British Airways Plc. (BA) is one of the largest airlines and also a flag carrier of United Kingdom. It serves more than 180 destinations and to 160 countries worldwide. It has always been considered as one of the leading airlines and is also known for its excellence, quality, full air and ground services (Corporate Responsibility, 2009).British Airways is the founding member of Oneworld airline alliance. In January 2011, it merged with Iberia of Spain to create International Airlines Group (IAG), the third largest airline group in terms of revenue. (Iairgroup.com, 2015) The fundamental assets of British Airways are its balanced of network of operation from London Airports. It offers innovative range of products and services from passenger services, engineering to cargo services. (Britishairways.com, 2009)The main objective of BA is to be the airline of choice for long journeys, delivering an outstanding service for customers. It aims to increase globalShow MoreRelatedBritish Airways1624 Words   |  7 PagesBRITISH AIRWAYS PLC INTRODUCTION In this report, I am going to be looking at British airways plc., how it began it operation its activities, the services it provides, its annual turnover, how it has grown over the few years, the comparison between its competitors and how management accounting can help it grow even better. 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Competitive Advantage of Store Design and Customer...

COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE OF STORE DESIGN AND CUSTOMER HANDLING IN RETAIL STORE DESIGN Good design creates the vital difference in today s competitive marketplace. Successful companies use design as a powerful tool in their marketing strategy by making better products and building a strong retail identity. Design creates a better environment at the workplace and projects the organizational image. Good design offers many benefits - a vastly improved quality; a defined statement of identity; an optimizing of resources. Good design creates products that look good, work well, last long and are affordable. Today s market leading products, however, have to make the consumer feel good too. They must possess that indefinable quality that†¦show more content†¦If the customer is frustrated and complaining, expect the tone of his or her message to be angry and confrontational. That doesn t mean you should be. Respect your frustrated customers and reply to them in an empathetic tone. 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What is the relationship between personality and health Free Essays

string(40) " impatient but also type B personality\." Introduction In order to evaluate the research conducted by Friedman and Rosenman, it is important to understand the relationship between personality and health. In a study of health and illness by Bury (2005), health is an incredible riddle and hard to define but simple to spot. However, in management of health promotion and developing healthy organisation and community written by Simnett (1995) says that health approval is sunshade expression for a very wide range of performances that improve good health and well-being and put a stop to ill health. We will write a custom essay sample on What is the relationship between personality and health? or any similar topic only for you Order Now On the other hand, personality is define as psychologies with the aim of recognizing the uniqueness in human characters and understanding people’s differences in organisation (Buchannan and Huczynski, 2010). Although, the researcher suggests that personality and health seems to be link in a way particularly relevant to organisational behaviour. However, this essay will critically evaluate the relationship between personality and health in organisation and discuss the behavioural syndromes that measures stress level in organisation. Furthermore, evaluate type A personality and B personality and also discuss how the stress levels would differ amongst the two types of personality. It would also analyse the factors and trait of the personality and suggest reasons on how these factors relate to levels of stress taken upon an individual in organisation. In addition, a discussion of the strategies management that should be used to sustain the employee stress levels and conclude. One of the main links between personality and health involves health quality base on what individuals do. The research carried out by Friedman and Rosenman, 1974 in (Buchannan and Huczynski, 2010) shows that smoking and alcohol are relate to a number of personality behaviours such as, disobedience, ferociousness, estrangement, impulsivity, and low confidence. However, those individuals with such specific personality take bigger risk with their health and could die early. For example, it is nature and social predicament at early days that lead to drinking alcohol, smoking cigarettes and other drugs mistreatment in adolescent years (Cooley, 2009). Consequently, the rate of health inconvenience and premature death has increased significantly because of smoking and drinking alcohol. In contrast, personality has been long considering major intermediary/moderator of stress in organisational behaviour (Antoniou and Cooper, 2005). In addition, stress is a prototype of emotional states and ph ysiological reaction taking place in response to difficulty from within or outer surface of organisation (Blonna, 2010). However, world health organisation (1992) defines behaviours syndrome as a different between people or individual in organisation. Although, the syndromes that assess the stress levels are frontal lobe syndromes that follow skull shock which adequately split in the direction of losing consciousness that include a number of different symptoms such as annoyance, vertigo, (normally lack the characteristic of true dizziness), tiredness, bad temper, and complexity. These symptoms might be accompanies by emotion of sadness or anxiety resulting from loss of self-esteem and fear of permanent brain damage in persons in organisation (World Health Organisation, 1992). One of the strongest arguments against Friedman and Rosenman theories are the difference between type A and B personality. However, Friedman and Rosenman (1974) argued that everybody on earth has unrelated and distinctive personality. In addition, they said that each individual could be placed into one of the two personality types such as type A personality or type B personality. The Type B personality is the median. It is the normal person. They are at most times quiet and composed. It takes a lot to annoy them. They are hardly overstressed, and when feeling pressure they lean to be positive than negative. It is clearly that Type B persons do not mind driving behind an unhurried car. They do not care too much if the queue is long at the grocery store. Their velocity is calm and they are not in a rush to get things done. Type B people are patient (Friedman and Rosenman, 1974). They also state that type A personality were three times more likely to experience heart infection than ty pe B personalities. Typical type A thrives on extended hours, large amounts of work and fixed deadlines. These are together and organisationally useful quality, as competitiveness and a high need for success. Moreover, those who are type A personality may not be able to relax extensively, stand back from multifaceted difficulty to make an efficient and comprehensive analysis, and need the tolerance and comfortable style required in some administrative positions. Furthermore, problem lies in the fact that their intolerance and aggression can increase the stress levels in those who have to work with them. For instance, a type A personality can emerge to have many venerable facets, but these behaviour syndromes can be dysfunctional for the entity, and for others. However, Friedman and Schustack, (2009:pp391) states that â€Å"the struggle of Type A person is most likely to be the one of a â€Å"choleric†, angry against the arbitrary controls of his or her job or life. Such a p erson will also have generally interpersonal relations†. However, there is currently high-quality confirmation that person who guide aggressive, resentfully, ready for action and ambitious lives are more likely to experience heart infection at the age of 45 than type B personality. In disagreeing with Friedman and Rosenman theories which suggest that Type B personality cannot easily get annoy and also that type A personality were three times more likely to suffer heart disease than type B, not all the type A persons suffer heart disease. For example, most people are type B, but they are not competitive, stressful, worried and hard to annoy, but have heart disease due to smoking or drinking alcohol or accident. According to Schill (2008) argue that, the type B personality loves social gathering, meeting with people, trek and be part of the groups and is often the centre of concentration. They love enthusiasm and are often impatient and difficult because of being a fattening ty pe of personality. However, not only the type A personality is impatient but also type B personality. You read "What is the relationship between personality and health?" in category "Essay examples" In addition, some persons can be both type A and B at the same time, it is irrelevant whether type A and B are related, what matters is that one person can become both type of personality. Moreover, many researchers argue that, is not only two-type of personality. A personality type is very broad and many, for example, type C and D personalities. According to Carbonell (2008) state that, type C personality is a person with cautious, competed, careful, compliant, contemplative and calculating. In clinical psychology and heart disease, written by (Molinari, Compare, and Parati, 2006) shows that, D personality type is an individual who feel anxious, unhappy, worry and have pessimistic vision of life and they can easily get irritated The big five personality traitsThe characters Neuroticismemotional instability, tend to be stressed, anxious, worrisome, restless and changeable, Openness(Nightmare, aesthetics, emotion, performance, information and values) Conscientiousness(Capability, command, dutifulness, and success determined, self-control, and reflection) Extraversionsociability, ferociousness, action, excitement-seeking, optimistic emotion Agreeableconviction, honesty, unselfishness, disobedience, humility, and caring, mindedness One of the major factors in personality traits, which relate to stress level upon individual, is neuroticism. According to Eysenck in wood (1985), neuroticism are people who are highly measured on emotional instability, tend to be stressed, anxious, worrisome, restless and changeable, while those who are low in neuroticism tend to be relaxed, stay peaceful, displeasure and stable. However, other researchers analyse openness, conscientiousness, extraversion and agreeable. However, openness is one of the factors of personality traits, which indicate how open-minded a person is. There are six characters describing openness such as dream, aesthetics, emotion, performance, information and values sprint on a variety commencing traveller at one tremendous to â€Å"preserver† at the previous. The traveller (Openness+) traits are helpful for hypothetical scientists, architects, entrepreneurs, artists and modify agents. The preserver on the other hand, which is (Openness-) traits are useful for plan managers, practical scientists, theatre performers, and sponsorship managers (Costa, 1943, McCrae, 1949 in Buchannan and Huczynski, 2010). Furthermore, conscientiousness is also one of the personality traits that have traits such as capability, command, dutifulness, success determined, self-control, and reflection sprint from determined to flexible determined conscientiousness plus traits which are useful for leaders, senior executives and other high achievers, while flexible conscientiousness minus traits are useful for researchers, detectives and management consultant. While on the other hand, extraversion is part of personality traits that relate to human behaviours. The characters related to extraversion are sociability, ferociousness, action, excitement-seeking, and optimistic emotion. Lucas et al, (2000) in comprehensive handbook of personality and psychopathology written by Thomas, (2006) state that extraverts and hospitality are consequences of satisfying pe ople in organisation. They also argued that extraverts have tendency in the direction of antagonism and power in organisational behaviour. Therefore, social behaviours in organisation are a means of satisfying the need of rewarding personality in organisation. Agreeableness is referring to human being capability to get along among other people in organisation. Agreeableness causes a number of people to become moderate, helpful, pardoning, and considerate and good nature in their communication with other people in the workplace (Griffin, 2008). He also argued that highly agreeable persons would have a superior working relationship with other colleague, contributory and sophisticated manager in organisation than those with less agreeableness. It is clear that those with high agreeable behaviour will not have fastidious good working relationship with internal and external persons in organisation (Costa and McCrae, 1992). The reason why the five big factors of personality traits relates to stress level in organisational and individual is that it contains several factors of symptoms personality traits. For example, neuroticism is one of the factors that have negative emotional unstableness, which connects to introvert-neurotic and extravert-neurotic. Introvert-neuroticism has eight characters, which are calmness, unsociable, shyness, unenthusiastic, serious, inflexible, nervous and unstable. While extravert-neurotic have eight characters as well such as aggressive, restless, quick-tempered, excitable, changeable, impulsive, optimistic and active (Costa, 1943, McCrae, 1949 in Buchannan and Huczynski, 2010). One of the main reasons for management strategies is to reduce the stress levels on employees. Lehrer, et al, (2007) define stress management as a set of techniques used to help an individual to cope more effectively with difficult situation in order for them to feel good emotionally, improve behavioural skills and to enhance the feeling of the organisation. However, Cunningham (2000), states that stress management is define as interventions design to reduce the impact of stressors in workplace. Greenberg and Baron (2008) argued that pressure stems from many diverse factors and circumstances with the intention of eliminating it entirely from our lives. However, they state that organisations or companies still have many things to do in order to help reduce the stress level on employees. They also said that you can manage your own stress by using your time wisely, social support, eat a healthy diet and be physically fit, relax and meditation, get a good night’s sleep and avoid i nappropriate self-talk. It is quite accepte for them to bring in different organized programs to help employees reduce and stop the stress levels. The reasons for these assumption is to help the employees minimize the adverse reactions to stress, so that they will be better, present, and consequently more industrious on the work which in return have positive effects on the foundation line of the organisations. It is clear that many companies in the world today have professionals in each program design to help manage the stress level of employee. The systematic programs designed to reduce the stress on employees are stress management programs, wellness programs and presents programs. That is to say, that the systematic programs designed for management is helpful to reduce the stress level on employees. In conclusion, types A personality seem to have link with behavioural syndrome than type B. it also increase an individual stress levels in organisation. However, much research has be conduct by different psychologies with different types of personalities; argue that is not only type A and B personality, but also type C and D personality. It is hard to conclude personality type with accuracy, For example, Schill (2008) argue that type B personality is impatient while the research conduct by Friedman and Rosenman 1974 in (Buchannan and Huczyski, 2010) state that B personality are patient. Not clear which part of personality types that cause stress level in organisation and individual. The correlation data-cannot assume causal link between the variables. In order to improve Friedman and Rosenman research there is a need to identify other types of personality and eliminate stress. References Antoniou G, A and Cooper L C. (2005). Research companion to organisational health psychology. United Kingdom. Edward Elgar Blonna, R. (2010). Stress less live more. USA. New harbinger Bury, M. (2005). Health and illness. Cambridge. Polity Buchanan A, D and Huczyski A, A. (2010). Organisational behaviour. England. Pearson Education Cunningham B, J. (2000). The stress management sourcebook. New York. McGraw-hill Cooley H, C. (2009). Human nature and the social order: seventh edition. New York. Transaction Costa P and McCrae R, R. (1992). NEO PI-R: professional manual. Odessa, Florida. Psychological assessment resources Friedman M, and Rosenman R, F. (1947). Type A behaviour and your heart. New York. Knopf Griffin W, R. (2008). Fundamentals of management. U.S.A. Houghton Miffin Greenberg J, and Baron A, R. (2008). Behaviour in organisations: ninth edition. New Jersey. Pearson Education Lehrer M, P. Woolfolk L, R and Sime E, W. (2007). Principle and practice of stress management. New York. Guilford press Molinari E Compare A and Parati G. (2006).clinical psychology and heart disease. Italy. Springer-verlag Simenett I. (1995). Managing health promotion: developing health organisations and communities. New York. John Wiley sons Schill B. (2008). Stalking darkness. U.S.A. Brian A schill Thomas C, J. (2006). Comprehensive handbook of personality and psychopathology. Canada. John Wiley sons World Health Organisation. (1992). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical. Switzerland. World Health Organisations Wood C. (1985: pp12). New scientist. The healthy neurotic. 105, 1442. 7 February How to cite What is the relationship between personality and health?, Essay examples

Preparation of Fruit Flavors free essay sample

Abstract Fisher Reaction is a special type of esterification that uses an acid catalyst to reflux Carboxylic acid and Alcohol. The product Ester is in equilibrium to the reactants acid and alcohol. Ester is responsible for the smell and aroma of different fruits. After using the Fisher reaction, a combination of techniques is used to separate the product. Introduction Esters are naturally occurring compounds that possess a distinctive odor. It is responsible for the smell of different fruits such as bananas and strawberries. Esters are most commonly from Carboxylic acids, and Alcohols. They have a pleasant and fruity odor. Esters may be produced in the laboratory via the Fischer reaction. The objective of this experiment is to be able to prepare the assigned ester by using the Fischer Reaction and to calculate the percent yield. Methodology Materials: Isoamyl Alcohol Acetic Anhydride Concentrated H2SO4 Saturated NaHCO3 NaCl solution Reflux Setup: The reflux setup contains a condensing system at a 90-degree angle with the flasks that prevents the solvent from evaporating but at the same time maintaining the temperature of the solvent. We will write a custom essay sample on Preparation of Fruit Flavors or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The 90-degree angle allows condensed solvent to go back to the reaction pot. PROCEDURE Two dry test tubes labelled A and B containing the required 2. 5 mL isoamyl alcohol and 2. 6 mL acetic anhydride respectively were placed in an ice water bath. Concentrated H2SO4 was cautiously added in test tube B. The solution was mixed well using a dropper. While keeping both tubes in an ice bath, the contents of test tube B was slowly added to test tube A. The tube was swirled constantly. The resulting mixture was transferred in a reflux setup. Boiling chips were added in the setup and was heated in a water bath at 80 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes. After 30 minutes, the hot bath was removed from the setup. It was cooled for a minute and the contents were poured in a small beaker containing a cube of crushed ice. The resulting mixture was transferred in a separatory funnel containing 15 mL saturated NaHCO3 solution. The funnel was secured using the cap after the bubbles had stopped forming. The separatory funnel was swirled gently to prevent emulsion. The two layers were allowed to separate. The cap was removed and the lower layer was discarded. The extraction was repeated with another NaHCO3. Next, the mixture was extracted with 15 mL saturated NaCl solution. Then, the organic layer was transferred into a clean, dry beaker with half spatula of anhydrous Na2SO4. Finally, the final product was weighed. The percent yield was calculated. A. Results and Discussion Volume of Isoamyl Alcohol2. 5 mL Volume of Acetic Anhydride2. 6 mL Weight of Empty Vial16. 7572 grams Weight of Banana Flavor + vial18. 8188 grams Weight of Banana Flavor2. 0616 grams Theoretical Yield2. 99 grams % Yield68. 9 % To calculate for the percent yield: this formula was used: % Yield = actual yield/ theoretical yield X 100% 2. 0616 grams x 100% 2. 99 grams = 68. 9 % In the Fischer Esterification, Sulfuric Acid served as the catalyst in the reaction. It served as a dehydrating agent to lower the water molecules present in the equation. Sodium bicarbonate added in the resulting mixture after reflux served to neutralize the acid. Saturated NaCl was used to help remove the water which prevents or delays the reaction into completion. Swirling the separatory funnel served to prevent from forming emulsion. The boiling chips were also essential in the experiment because it prevents the container and the solution from overheating. One possible source of error in getting the true percent yield is the presence of water. The water was not completely removed. Another source of error is that inaccuracy of the measurement of the volume and mass. Conclusion The group was able to prepare the assigned Ester via the Fischer Reaction. The experiment’s product is Ester (Isoamyl Acetate) which is clear and colorless and smells pleasantly beautiful and fragrant. The percent yield of the product produced was 68. 9%. References McMurry, J. (2007). Organic Chemistry: A Biological Approach. Belmont, Ca: Thomson Higher Education Solomons, T. W. Graham. (2011). Organic chemistry. Hoboken, NJ : Wiley. Smith, Janice G. (2011). Organic chemistry. New York, NY : McGraw-Hill, c2011.

Yitzhak Rabin Assassination

Yitzhak Rabin Assassination On November 4, 1995, Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin was shot and killed by Jewish radical Yigal Amir at the end of a peace rally in Kings of Israel Square (now called Rabin Square) in Tel Aviv. The Victim: Yitzhak Rabin Yitzhak Rabin was the prime minister of Israel from 1974 to 1977 and again from 1992 until his death in 1995. For 26 years, Rabin had been a member of the Palmach (part of the Jewish underground army before Israel became a state) and the IDF (the Israeli army) and had risen up the ranks to become the IDFs Chief of Staff. After retiring from the IDF in 1968, Rabin was appointed the Israeli Ambassador to the United States. Once back in Israel in 1973, Rabin became active in the Labor Party and became the fifth prime minister of Israel in 1974. During his second term as Israels prime minister, Rabin worked on the Oslo Accords. Debated in Oslo, Norway but officially signed in Washington D.C. on September 13, 1993, the Oslo Accords were the first time that Israeli and Palestinian leaders were able to sit down together and work toward a real peace. These negotiations were to be the first step in creating a separate Palestinian state. Although the Oslo Accords won Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres, and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat the 1994 Nobel Peace Prize, the stipulations of the Oslo Accords were extremely unpopular with many Israelis. One such Israeli was Yigal Amir. The Assassination of Rabin Twenty-five year old Yigal Amir had wanted to kill Yitzhak Rabin for months. Amir, who had grown up as an Orthodox Jew in Israel and was a law student at Bar Ilan University, was completely against the Oslo Accords and believed Rabin was trying to give Israel back to the Arabs. Thus, Amir viewed Rabin as a traitor, an enemy. Determined to kill Rabin and hopefully end the Middle East peace talks, Amir took his small, black, 9 mm Beretta semi-automatic pistol and tried to get close to Rabin. After several failed attempts, Amir got lucky on Saturday, November 4, 1995. At the Kings of Israel Square in Tel Aviv, Israel, a peace rally in support of Rabins peace negotiations was being held. Rabin was going to be there, along with approximately 100,000 supporters. Amir, who was posing as a VIP driver, sat idly by a flower planter near Rabins car as he waited for Rabin. Security agents never double checked Amirs identity nor questioned Amirs story. At the end of the rally, Rabin descended down a set of stairs, heading from city hall to his waiting car. As Rabin passed Amir, who was now standing, Amir fired his gun at Rabins back. Three shots rang out at very close range. Two of the shots hit Rabin; the other hit security guard Yoram Rubin. Rabin was rushed to the nearby Ichilov Hospital but his wounds proved too serious. Rabin was soon declared dead. The Funeral The assassination of 73-year-old Yitzhak Rabin shocked the Israeli people and the world. According to Jewish tradition, the funeral should have been held the following day; however, in order to accommodate the large number of world leaders that wanted to come give their respects, Rabins funeral was pushed back one day. Throughout the day and night of Sunday, November 5, 1995, an estimated 1 million people passed by Rabins coffin as it laid in state just outside the Knesset, Israels parliament building.* On Monday, November 6, 1995, Rabins coffin was placed in a military vehicle that had been draped in black and then slowly driven the two miles from the Knesset to the Mount Herzl military cemetery in Jerusalem. Once Rabin was at the cemetery, sirens across Israel blared, stopping everyone for a two-minute moment of silence in Rabins honor. Life in Prison Immediately after the shooting, Yigar Amir was apprehended. Amir confessed to assassinating Rabin and never showed any remorse. In March 1996, Amir was found guilty and sentenced to life in prison, plus extra years for shooting the security guard. * World Pauses for Rabin Funeral, CNN, November 6, 1995, Web, November 4, 2015. http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9511/rabin/funeral/am/index.html

Tlaltecuhtli - The Monstrous Aztec Goddess of the Earth

Tlaltecuhtli - The Monstrous Aztec Goddess of the Earth Tlaltecuhtli (pronounced Tlal-teh-koo-tlee and sometimes spelled Tlaltecutli) is the name of the monstrous earth god among the Aztec. Tlaltecuhtli has both feminine and masculine attributes, although she is most often represented as a female deity. Her name means The one who gives and devours life. She represents the earth and the sky, and was one of the gods in the Aztec pantheon most hungry for human sacrifice. The Tlaltecuhtli Myth According to Aztec mythology, at the origin of time (the First Sun), the gods Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca began to create the world. But the monster Tlaltecuhtli destroyed everything they were creating. The gods turned themselves into giant serpents and wrapped their bodies around the goddess until they tore Tlaltecuhtlis body into two pieces. One piece of Tlaltecuhtlis body became the earth, mountains, and rivers, her hair the trees and flowers, her eyes the caves and wells. The other piece became the vault of the sky, although, in this early time, no sun or stars were embedded in it yet. Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca gave Tlatecuhtli the gift of providing humans with whatever they need from her body, but it was a gift that didnt make her happy. Sacrifice Thus in Mexica mythology, Tlaltecuhtli represents the surface of the earth; however, she was said to be angry, and she was the first of the gods to demand the hearts and blood of humans for her unwilling sacrifice. Some versions of the myth say Tlaltecuhtli would not stop crying and bear fruit (plants and other growing things) unless she was moistened with the blood of men. Tlaltecuhtli was also believed to devour the sun every night just to give it back every morning. However, the fear that this cycle could be interrupted for some reason, such as during eclipses, produced instability among the Aztec population and was often the cause of even more ritual human sacrifices. Tlaltecuhtli Images Tlaltecuhtli is depicted in codices and stone monuments as a horrific monster, often in a squatting position and in the act of giving birth. She has several mouths over her body filled with sharp teeth, which were often spurting blood. Her elbows and knees are human skulls and in many images she is portrayed with a human being hanging between her legs. In some images she is portrayed as a caiman or alligator. Her open mouth symbolizes the passage to the underworld inside of the earth, but in many images her lower jaw is missing, torn away by Tezcatlipoca to prevent her from sinking beneath the waters. She often wears a skirt of crossed bones and skulls with a great star sign border, symbol of her primordial sacrifice; she is often depicted with large teeth, goggle-eyes, and a flint-knife tongue. It is interesting to note that in the Aztec culture, many sculptures, particularly in the case of representations of Tlaltecuhtli, were not meant to be seen by humans. These sculptures were carved and then set in a hidden place or carved on the underside of stone boxes and chacmool sculptures. These objects were made for the gods and not for humans, and, in Tlaltecuhtlis case, the images faced the earth they represent. Tlaltecuhtli Monolith In 2006, a huge monolith representing the Earth Goddess Tlaltecuhtli was discovered in an excavation at the Templo Mayor of Mexico City. This sculpture measures about 4 x 3.6 meters (13.1 x 11.8 feet) and weighs about 12 tons. It is the largest Aztec monolith ever discovered, larger than the famous Aztec Calendar Stone (Piedra del Sol) or the Coyolxauhqui. The sculpture, carved in a block of pink andesite, represents the goddess in the typical squatting position, and it is vividly painted in red ochre, white, black, and blue. After several years of excavation and restoration, the monolith can be seen on display at the the museum of the Templo Mayor. Sources This glossary entry is a part of the guide to Aztec religion and the dictionary of archaeology. Barajas M, Bosch P, Malvaà ©z C, Barragn C, and Lima E. 2010. Stabilization of the Tlaltecuhtli monolith pigments. Journal of Archaeological Science 37(11):2881-2886. Barajas M, Lima E, Lara VH, Negrete JV, Barragn C, Malvez C, and Bosch P. 2009. Effect of organic and inorganic consolidation agents on Tlaltecuhtli monolith. Journal of Archaeological Science 36(10):2244-2252. Bequedano E, and Orton CR. 1990. Similarities Between Sculptures Using Jaccards Coefficient in the Study of Aztec Tlaltecuhtli. Papers from the Institute of Archaeology 1:16-23. Berdan FF. 2014. Aztec Archaeology and Ethnohistory. New York: Cambridge University Press. Boone EH, and Collins R. 2013. The petroglyphic prayers on the sun stone of Motecuhzoma Ilhuicamina. Ancient Mesoamerica 24(02):225-241. Graulich M. 1988. Double Immolations in Ancient Mexican Sacrificial Ritual. History of Religions 27(4):393-404. Lucero-Gà ³mez P, Mathe C, Vieillescazes C, Bucio L, Belio I, and Vega R. 2014. Analysis of Mexican reference standards for Bursera spp. resins by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry and application to archaeological objects. Journal of Archaeological Science 41(0):679-690. Matos Moctezuma E. 1997. Tlaltecuhtli, seà ±or de la tierra. Estudios de Cultura Nhautl 1997:15-40. Taube KA. 1993. Aztec and Maya Myths. Fourth Edition. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas. Van Tuerenhout DR. 2005. The Aztecs. New Perspectives, ABC-CLIO Inc. Santa Barbara, CA; Denver, CO and Oxford, England.

Sexuality is said to be both sacred and ordinary. Would there be any Essay

Sexuality is said to be both sacred and ordinary. Would there be any problems with persons understanding sex only as sacred, or - Essay Example This can be estimated from the fact that in our society, 4 per cent to 5 per cent of the juvenile girls are raped by their fathers, 33 per cent to 50 per cent of the women become the victims of completed or attempted rape and 1 in every 4 girls and 1 in every 9 boys experiences sexual abuse once in the childhood. Thus, criminals are using sex as a major means of violence in the society. A vast majority of women that become the victims of rape tend not to disclose the offence to their relatives or police with the fear of embarrassment and shame. They think that if they do file a case against the offender, it would highlight their sexual identity. Sexual abuse leaves the victim with scars in the mind for the whole life and is one of the major causes of depression among people in America. Much of the widespread sex-based violence can be attributed to the consideration of sex as a very sacred topic that can not be discussed openly. Such an understanding of sex is providing the criminals with innumerable opportunities of creating violence. Besides, consideration of sex only as ordinary and non-sacred topic is no less harmful for the society. This is so because consideration of sex as an ordinary matter is just not consistent with the level of secrecy and personalization ingrained in it. Sex essentially brings two people extremely close to each other physically. If sex is considered ordinary, people would be encouraged to doing sex in public which is against all standards of religion, ethics and humanity. Animals do sex in open. It is the superiority of mankind that makes human sex in public a very heinous idea.

The Effect of Parental Involvement in Academic and Behavioral Success Research Paper

The Effect of Parental Involvement in Academic and Behavioral Success of Students - Research Paper Example The paper shows that parents prepare their students for school, walk with them to middle school and monitor their behavior when they reach the maturity stage. However, the entire process meets challenges that hamper the extent to which a parent would go to fulfill the behavior and academic expectations of a student. There are schools that do not engage parents in the academic learning process. Teachers and school administrators assume that parents and families do not want to get involved and fail to provide an efficient communication platform. In addition, the barriers to communication such as lack of proficiency in the official language and lack of adequate time for the parents could result in a student life that does not involve any parental element. He wroteâ€Å"when children develop a reputation for exhibiting challenging behavior their parents can be reluctant to go into schools for fear of getting bad news. In fact, there is a negative correspondence between rapid parental involvement and children’s behavioral problems†. It is evident from the discussion that parents want to get involved in the academic and behavior success right from the time they join the school to the time they attain the age of majority. Parents want to be involved, and it is wrong for institutions to assume that they do not want to offer support for learning and behavioral development of their students. The relationship between parents and students should be stable at all times to ensure behavioral and academic success.

Improving Memory Essay -- essays research papers

how to improve memory Mr. Douglas Enclosed in the following are five techniques that you may want to consider using to help you improve your memory.  Finding a reason to remember  Be selective in about what you learn  Organize your information  Mnemonics  Rehearse information through recitation First, finding a reason to remember is very important. If you have a reason to remember information you just learned, then you have a better chance of holding on to it. For example, let’s say a person has trouble with his/her multiplication tables. And the person loves to lift weights. The teacher would use the information form math and apply it to the weight lifting. Such as 5 x 5=25, and lifting five pounds five time is a total of twenty-five pounds. You see this comparison makes the student learn it better because he/she can use it in more ways than one. This technique has helped me the most when I was learning about percentages in math. I could not quiet get the ha ng of it, so the teacher applied it to how much money would one save if a $50.00 shirt was 20% off. This gave me the motivation to learn it. Second, you should be selective in what you learn. You only want to learn the main ideas and leave the supporting material alone. Doing this should make you memorize the information in a shorter amount of time. For example, if you were trying to study Biology, and there is a lot of it just remember the bold face type ...

Definition of family Essay

The definition of a family according to the U. S. Census Bureau is that a family consists of a householder and any other person living in the same household. However, the people living in the family should be related to the householder either by birth, marriage, or by adoption. The people in a family who are related to the householder are termed as his family members. However, in some houses there might also be people living in a family who might be unrelated to the householder, therefore they are not to be included in the householder’s family while the census is being carried out and thus, the number of family households is equal to the number of families, but the family households may include more members than do families. Therefore, the crux of this would be that all the households do not contain families as they might be unrelated as well. Functions of a family Basically the two functions of a family are: †¢ Economic functions †¢ Political functions Other than these two major categories, a family has a number of functions after doing which a family can be really termed as a family in a true sense and these are mentioned below. One of the most important functions is reproduction of babies and once a child is born, it is the duty of the householder to look after the children, take care of them, monitor that day to day activities, supervise them on certain things, interact with them and provide them with all the necessities and love it would require to make them good grown ups. As it is not just necessary to give birth to the baby, however they should also be taken care of so that they survive to become adult members of the society. Two persons basically tie the knot of marriage in order to legitimize their sexual relationship and this ensures the offspring is healthy. The household head is supposed to provide economics support to the family as well as to fulfill the love, emotional, security needs of the family. In the end, I would also add that the family is looked upon in the society with respect and they have a certain position in the society than those individuals just living together without marriage. (Schwartz & Scott, 2007). As mentioned above, a family consists of the household member who is basically responsible for his family members. However, to define my family I would say that my family does not fulfill the definition of the family mentioned above. This is because the fathers are usually the ones who are said to be the household heads and they are responsible of taking care of the family members. I am only the child in my family and my parents were divorced when I was four years old. I am living with my Mom right now and the rest of my family is living in China. Most of the family functions that I mentioned above are not actually applicable to my family. This is because my parents had an unhappy marriage and this thing gave me a lot of bad experiences. The first function of the family is to ensure that the baby grows as an adult of a society. In my case, however I did become an adult but it was just my mother who took care of me and looked after all my needs. A father is always necessary to make a family more strong as the responsibilities of a father are different than ones of a mother but in my case, my mother was my mother as well as my father. She was the one who was responsible for each and every activity of mine. It is believed that a family is economically supported mostly by the fathers, however as my mother had a divorce with my father, she was the one who had to support my needs all by herself. And I think that my family did not manage things well. The divorce of my parents at the time when I was just four was a shock for me as for a family to survive well; both the mother as well as the father has to be there so that they might fulfill their own set of responsibilities and ensure that the family is living happily. However, this was not the case for my family as the divorce between my parents made things worse for me. Although my mother did all she could do for me but still the presence of the father is essential for a family to prosper well. Thus, according to me, my family did not address the functions of a family well as it was an unhappy and irresponsible family. The fundamental purpose of each family is to fulfill the requirements and the functions of a family. It is vital for each family to fulfill their responsibilities as this not just affects the family alone but the society and the environment as well and it also affects the people around you. No one likes to be friends with the families who are not well settled in a way that the parents might have conflicts amongst each other or they might not want to live with each other and this would create lots of problems for their children. Therefore, for a country to prosper well it is essential that the families living there are happy and contended. The functions of the family highlight the responsibilities the household head has with reference to their family. Therefore, its informative nature helps to think about families in terms of the functions it fulfills. Reference Schwartz, M. A. & Scott, B. M. (2007). Marriages and families: Diversity and change. 5th Edn. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Symptoms And Symptoms Of A Personality Disorder - 2317 Words

Your sense of reality and who you are depends on your feelings, thoughts, sensations, perceptions and memories. If these become disconnected from each other, or don’t register in your conscious mind, your sense of identity, your memories, and the way you see yourself and the world around you will change. This is what happens when you dissociate.Dissociative disorder is a personality disorder marked by a disturbance in the integration of identity, memory, or consciousness. (APA)Everyone has times when we feel disconnected. Sometimes this takes place naturally and unconsciously. For example, we often drive a familiar route, and arrive with no memory of the journey or of what we were thinking about at that time. Some people even train themselves to use dissociation to calm themselves or for cultural or spiritual reasons. Sometimes we dissociate/disconnect as a defence mechanism to help us deal with and survive traumatic experiences. Dissociation can also be a side effect of some drugs, medication and alcohol. Many mental health diseases, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder have dissociative features in them.†¢ memory gaps†¢ finding yourself in a strange place without knowing how you got there †¢ out-of-body experiences †¢ loss of feeling in parts of your body †¢ distorted views of your body †¢ forgetting important personal information †¢ being unable to recognise your image in a mirror †¢ a sense of detachment from your emotions †¢ the impressionShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Symptoms Of Multiple Personality Disorder773 Words   |  4 PagesAs an overview, schizophrenia is a brain mental disorder. A schizophrenic person has lost touch with reality. They may also experience hallucinations, delusions, hearing voices, seeing things that are not there.They may believe that other people are threatening to harm them. Sometimes they don t make any sense when they talk. 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