In the afterlife, will Leonard deserve punishment for the muders he Essay

In the afterlife, will Leonard deserve punishment for the muders he committed in the flim The Momentum - Essay Example For this essay, it means this: the willful, deliberate commission of a morally incorrect act. Also, for purposes of necessary brevity, let us say that Leonard was not morally justified in the homicides that he committed. It is the opinion of this writer that Leonard will not be punished for the killings he engaged in, due to the caveat in the above definition regarding deliberate action. This implies that the person committing the action must 1. Understand the difference between right and wrong; and 2. Voluntarily choose to do wrong anyway. Given this definition, what sort of acts would be excluded from it? First of all, acts that are purely the results of circumstances outside the person’s actions are not â€Å"wrong,† even though they may cause horrible suffering and tragedy. As an example, imagine a motorist driving along a busy commercial street when a child suddenly runs in front of his car and is truck and killed. Let us say that the driver is not under the influence of drugs or alcohol, and that he is within the speed limit and operating his vehicle in a manner consistent with the principles of responsible driving. Let us also assume that he did not see the child until she was in the path of his car, and that he could not brake in time to prevent striking her fatally. Neither did he have time to swerve his car in another direction. Intention to strike the child, no malice in his heart towards her. It was an unfortunate accident in the purest sense of the word. He should not be punished by the courts for his act, nor by God or some other entity that apportions reward and punishment in the afterlife. In a real sense, in fact, it can be argued that he did not â€Å"act† in this scenario at all. The real culprit in the sad affair was the laws of physics. The man had no knowledge of the coming event and hence was unable to act to prevent it.

Industrial Revolution In Great Britain Essay Example for Free

Industrial Revolution In Great Britain Essay The Industrial Revolution touched all over the world with an unprecedented degree bringing their economic, social, political and cultural spheres in its domain. Started in England in 18th and 19th century, it brought a complete change to the economy of England transferring it from agrarian to Industrial Economy. All the important centers were flourishing with the Mills and factories, and whole of England hummed with the rattle of looms and the boom of weaving machines. It was a period of intellectual thoughts and scientific innovations. Science once a sealed book saved to an elect few was democratized, and more and more scientific enthusiasts dedicated themselves to the popularization of scientific works like Darwin’s origin of species. The man of science was no longer an academic recluse, but a social figure exercising a deep and profound influence on the social and educational life of the age. Industrial revolution also swept with its broom of scientific inventions, the old conventions of the England, European and American Society. As Harold Perkin said, â€Å"the Industrial Revolution was no mere sequence of changes in industrial techniques and production, but a social revolution with social causes as well as profound social effects. †1 According to an Economic historian, â€Å"In 1960 it was England which first brought into effect, â€Å"The takeoff into self-sustained growth. 2 Till the end of the nineteenth century England was the Workshop of the World, and after that Germany, Japan and United States took over. Over and above Industrial Revolution also reflected the capacity of man to overcome nature. 1. The History Guide: Lectures on Modern European Intellectual History, The Origins of the Industrial Revolution in England, Last Revised: October 11, 2006 Retrieved 23 April 2007 http://www. historyguide. org/intellect/lecture17a. html 2. ibid. In 17th century Father of Modern Science, Francis Bacon (1561-1626) even said that natural philosophy which is called as Science could be applied to solve all the practical problems faced by man. He raised the question how the man could attain perfect freedom if he had to labour to supply the necessities of existence and the answer was obviously, with the help of machines. These devices could free the mankind from excessive pressures of labour, which could be utilized in some other useful and productive purpose. 1 In 1745, Benjamin Franklin’s Fluid theory was a scientific revolution which led to the birth of the Industrial Revolution in the late 1700s. This Fluid theory was also called as Franklins theory of the Matter of Electricity and of Heat. After that there were spurt of inventions that led the world to take the shape where we are sitting now. 2 When the Industrial revolution was at its adolescent stage, the important source of power that was commonly used was coal followed by Iron and Steam. They were predominantly in use by brewing, metalworking, and glass and ceramics industries. The English industrialist Abraham Darby used high-carbon, which was converted form of coal and produced iron from iron ore. This coke became a good substitute of charcoal and the Metal makers used coal and coke abundantly to produce raw iron, bar iron, and other metals. 3 The invention of Steam engine to pump water was the greatest invention ever, which was first invented by an English engineer Thomas Savery in 1689 to pump water from mines. In 1712 Thomas Newcomen invented its improvised version. 4 1. The History Guide: Lectures on Modern European Intellectual History, The Origins of the Industrial Revolution in England, Last Revised: October 11, 2006 Retrieved 23 April 2007 http://www. historyguide. org/intellect/lecture17a. html 2. Microsoft ® Encarta ® Online Encyclopedia 2007, Industrial Revolution, Retrieved 23 April 2007 http://encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761577952_5/Industrial_Revolution. html#howtocite 3. Edward Lewis, â€Å"Introductory Essay: Is It Possible to Predict Scientific and Economic Development? † The Periodic Production of Rationalized Phenomena and the Past Periodic Depressions, April 16, 1999 Retrieved 23 April 2007 http://cust38. metawerx. com. au/rusart. html 4. Microsoft ® Encarta ® Online Encyclopedia 2007, Industrial Revolution, Retrieved 23 April 2007 http://encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761577952_5/Industrial_Revolution. html#howtocite James Watt, a Scottish engineer formed an engineering partnership with manufacturer Matthew Boulton in 1775, which was a major step in Industrial Revolution and proved as creative technical center for British economy. 1 The Industrial Revolution also owes much to the development of Textile Industry. In 1733, John Kay invented a flying shuttle, which mechanized the process of weaving. By 1770, British inventor and industrialist James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny, which spines large number of threads at once, and Richard Arkwright invented water-powered spinning machine, which allowed single spinner to develop various strands of yarn at one go. Slowly and slowly machines run by water or steam filled large, new mills and factories. The results of these inventions were the increase in the output of goods per worker. Now a single spinner or weaver can churn out the volumes of yarn or cloth as compared to earlier workers. This achievement of Man was a milestone in the human history. 2 Industrial revolution was started in Wales in the second half of the 18th century, but as it was predominantly an agrarian economy, there was very little progress. Around 1811 the inhabitants of 79 out of the 8,800 villages of Wales were still dependent on the agriculture. Slowly and slowly, during the reign of Elizabeth 1 Industries started began to sprung up for e. g. Iron making in Pontypool and Bersham, lead and silver mining in Flintshire and Cardiganshire, copper smelting in Neath and Swansea and coalmining in west Glamorgan and lintshire and changed the whole economy of Wales. With the adoption of crop rotation, the use of lime, the enclosure of wasteland and the development of proto-industrial production, especially in the woolen industry, there was significant progress. And as soon as 18th century approached there were 19 metalworks at Holywell, 14 potteries at Buckley, cotton mills at Holywell and Mold, lead and coalmines at Bersham saw the dawn of the new era. 3 1. Microsoft ® Encarta ® Online Encyclopedia 2007, Industrial Revolution, Retrieved 23 April 2007 http://encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761577952_5/Industrial_Revolution. html#howtocite 2. Microsoft ® Encarta ® Online Encyclopedia 2007, ibid. 3. bbc. co. uk, Wales History, Retrieved 23 April 2007, http://www. bbc. co. uk/wales/history/sites/nation/pages/industrial_revolution01. shtml Corts puddling process, which was invented in Wales in 1784, was responsible for the increase in the rate of iron production and became so popular in Wales that it came to be known as the Welsh method. Bersham also invented cylinders, which were predominantly used in Watts engines and the ironworks being carried out in South Wales. In Wales only the first experiment of Locomotion was conducted and also supplied fuel for steam engines. 1 The new era of railways started in Wales only with Richard Trevithick, a Cornish engineer, who on 21st February 1804, ran a steam engine from Merthyr Tydfil to Abercynon. This train pulled 10 tons of iron and seventy passengers who jumped on it to take their first ride in the World, 2 later it was embraced by George Stephenson who was an engineer in the mining industry. He started the steam engines that pulled wagons up from the pit face. After this development he built a locomotive in 1814. George Stephenson was also appointed as a chief engineer of first railways between Stockton and Darlington. He later manufactured the famous Rocket, between Manchester to Liverpool line in 1830. 3 Though this Industrial revolution brought material advancement and Industrial progress yet spread the social unrest and economic distress. On one hand it created the privilege class of capitalists and mill owners but also brought in its wake the semi starved and ill class of labourers. As and as there were increase in Factories the people were shifting towards cities and towns. The cities increased to more than 20,000 and of Wales increased from 12 in 1800 to 200 at the end of the century. 4 1. bbc. co. uk, Wales History, Retrieved 23 April 2007, http://www. bbc. co. uk/wales/history/sites/nation/pages/industrial_revolution02. shtml 2. Wisdom and walks in the valleys of Southwales, Heroes of the Industrial Revolution, Retrieved 23 April 2007 http://www. wisdomandwalks. co. uk/products. asp? ProductID=1 3. SchoolsHistory. org. uk, Inventions that fuelled the Industrial Revolution Retrieved 23 April 2007 http://www. schoolshistory. org. uk/IndustrialRevolution/inventions. htm 4 David E. Newton, â€Å"Industrial Revolution-Effects Of The Industrial Revolution† Science Encyclopedia Vol. 3 Retrieved 23 April 2007 http://science. jrank. org/pages/3574/Industrial-Revolution-Effects-Industrial-Revolution. html This abject suffering, which labor class had to go through was an edible proof of the fact that Industrial Revolution was more of a curse than a boon. The whole landscape of Wales gave a look of devastated â€Å"Waste Land† with coal -mines, factories and mills churning out steams reducing the beauty of the nature to the elbow edge. The safety devices were very meager causing deaths and accidents. There were every year 43,000 cases of widow hood, and 112,000 cases of destitute orphanage in England and Wales alone. 1 With all this the growing importance of masses and the large number of Factory hands gave a spurt to the Reform Bills in the form of Factory Acts to give some relief to the children and women. 2 The Industrial revolution also opened the doors for women now finding their place in textile Industries, work shops and even in coal mines. In Wales the population in the quarrying sector became three times more. 3 Group of Non-conformist quarrymen constructed a chapel in their working area which they called by the name of Bethesda and it went on increasing with the population of 8,291 in 1881 in the Parish of Llanllechid compared to 1332 in 1801. 4 The living standard of the people had also considerably changed and they were living in either cottagers, or stone strewn slopes, such as Cilgwyn, or living in terraced houses, such as in Bethesda or Blaenau Ffestiniog. Only few had gardens and pigsty at the other end of the house. The wages of workers varied between 8d (3? p) to 1/- (5p) per day and the copper miners at Mynydd Parys were getting from 1/- to 1/8 per day. 5 1. Everything 2, The Industrial Revolution: Blessing or curse for the working class? Retrieved 23 April, 2007 http://everything2. com/index. pl? node_id=983010 2. Industrial Revolution, Retrieved 23 April, 2007 http://www. fatbadgers. co. uk/Britain/revolution. htm 3. SchoolsHistory. org. uk, Working Conditions in the Industrial Revolution Retrieved 23 April 2007 http://www. schoolshistory. org. uk/IndustrialRevolution/workingconditions. htm 4. Women in History World, The Plight of Womens Work in the EarlyIndustrial Revolution in England and Wales Retrieved 23 April , 2007 http://www. womeninworldhistory. com/lesson7. html 5. Slatesite, The History of Quarrying The Industrial Revolution, Retrieved 23 April, 2007 http://www. llechicymru. info/IHistindRev. english. htm Both the Industrial Revolution and Scientific advancement brought a complex society with social problems on one hand and democratic consciousness on the other. There was a conflict between aristocracy and plutocracy as well as democracy and socialism. The last vestige of personal government and divine rights of rulers vanished and the House of Commons became the ruling power.WORKS CITED 1. bbc. co. uk, Wales History, Retrieved 23 April 2007 http://www. bbc. co. uk/wales/history/sites/nation/pages/industrial_revolution01. shtml 2 Everything 2, The Industrial Revolution: Blessing or curse for the working class? Retrieved 23 April, 2007 http://everything2. com/index. pl? node_id=983010 3. Industrial Revolution, Retrieved 23 April, 2007 http://www. fatbadgers. co. uk/Britain/revolution. htm 4. Lewis Edward, â€Å"Introductory Essay: Is It Possible to Predict Scientific and Economic Development? † The Periodic Production of Rationalized Phenomena and the Past Periodic Depressions, April 16, 1999 Retrieved 23 April 2007 http://cust38. metawerx. com. au/rusart. html 5. Microsoft ® Encarta ® Online Encyclopedia 2007, Industrial Revolution, Retrieved 23 April 2007 http://encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761577952_5/Industrial_Revolution. html#howtocite 6. Newton E. David, â€Å"Industrial Revolution-Effects Of The Industrial Revolution† Science Encyclopedia Vol. 3, Retrieved 23 April 2007 http://science. jrank. org/pages/3574/Industrial-Revolution-Effects-Industrial- Revolution. html 7. Slatesite, The History of Quarrying The Industrial Revolution, Retrieved 23 April, 2007 http://www. llechicymru. info/IHistindRev. english. htm 8. SchoolsHistory. org. uk, Working Conditions in the Industrial Revolution Retrieved 23 April 2007 http://www. schoolshistory. org. uk/IndustrialRevolution/workingconditions. htm 9. SchoolsHistory. org. uk, Inventions that fuelled the Industrial Revolution Retrieved 23 April 2007 http://www. schoolshistory. org. uk/IndustrialRevolution/inventions. htm 10. The History Guide: Lectures on Modern European Intellectual History, The Origins of the Industrial Revolution in England, Last Revised: October 11, 2006 Retrieved 23 April 2007 http://www. historyguide. org/intellect/lecture17a. html 11. Wisdom and walks in the valleys of Southwales, Heroes of the Industrial Revolution, Retrieved 23 April 2007 http://www. wisdomandwalks. co. uk/products. asp? ProductID=1 12. Women in History World, The Plight of Womens Work in the EarlyIndustrial Revolution in England and Wales Retrieved 23 April, 2007 http://www. womeninworldhistory. com/lesson7. html

Shock Advertising Effective Way To Develop Social Awareness Media Essay

Shock Advertising Effective Way To Develop Social Awareness Media Essay Mass Media is the fundamental tool in the information society. In general, Mass Media can be defined as a message sent to a lot of people simultaneously; it is the vehicle to transmit information to an audience which is most of the time, heterogeneous regarding sex, age, religion, socio-economical level, etc. Nowadays, there are several kinds of Mass Media such as the radio, the television and the newspapers etc which deliver the information through audio, visual or audio visual channels. Lets think about the function of the Mass media! It is clear that one of the main function that they fulfill is to keep people acknowledge about the most current events that happen around the world both nationally and internationally, but it is the only one function that they have?-the answer is obvisoly no;Mass Media fulfill many functions in our society , but now I am going to mention only the most important ones which are :1)inform, 2) Surveillance,3)Service the economic system ,4)Entertain 5)Hold the society together 5)Persuade , etc. Now, I want to focus myself on the third and the fifth function because they are very connects into each other. Lets analyze the following situation : economic system in any country depends on a key element called consumers, so if there are not consumers , I mean , people who buy the products and services that the market offers(food , clothes, electro domestics, etc) it could be possible that an area of the economic system suffers a crisis. If it oc curs one of the most effective way to encourage people to buy, would the use of the Mass Media as persuasive technique .So as I you see, economic system and persuasion are elements closely connected. Nowadays, one of the strongest tools that Mass Media use to persuade is Adverting. , Advertising is the attempt to inform and persuade a large number of people with a single communication (Longman, 1971). Advertising is about delivering controlled messages to many people simultaneously and at a low cost per message (Wilmshurst, 1985).The main feature of the ads is that they are created in an attractive manner for the viewers. Most of the advertisement that we watch or listen to are created for an economic purpose; they offer products and services in order to persuade the audience to buy them. But, they also can be focused on promoting certain ideas in relation with controversial topics that are currently affecting our society. At the same time they deliver information, they also dissuade people to purchase their behavior and to develop awareness in regards to social issues (heath, politics, social and environmental issues etc): in this category can be found the so- called Shock advertisements. This name refers to particular features that this type of advertising ha s such as that are controversial, disturbing , explicit and crass at the time to deliver the message( ). They also apply certain tactics to persuade their audience which are mainly, fear, guilty, compassion, etc. That way, the combination of those feelings in an announcement is supposed to work well to. But does it really work? Is shock advertising an effective way to develop social awareness? or are they just a manner of offending people? Shock ads can be effective depending on the way they appeals to audiences feelings. Shock ads appeal to the deepest feelings of fear, guilty, sadness, disgust, etc .So, they used to work with impacts images that usually show the consequences of approaching behavior.Currently, one of the most common examples of shock advertisements are related to lethal diseases that are affecting strongly to the society such as HIV, Breast cancer, diseases caused by the excessive use of cigarettes etc .Lets think in this last one, the use of cigarettes. In our society is has become very that people start smoking to early age and continue smoking during all their life. This excessive usage of cigarettes can cause serious diseases such Lung cancer and other health problems which decrease the quality of peoples life. Smoking is a dangerous vice which can end with peoples death. So, what do advertisers do to develop awareness in regard to this issue? They resort to the persuasion through the creation of shock ads which show impacts images about the negative effects of smoking in people parts of body like teeth, mouth, trachea, lungs etc. Even though, these images can impact to the audience, they also need to produce change in peoples behavior so they need to appeal to the precise feeling to obtain positive results. According to researchers in the United States, in order for anti-smoking adverts to be effective they must either scare or disgust the audience. A study by researchers at the University of Missouri has revealed that ads which have a combination of both fear and disgust content decrease viewers attention and memory but those which focus on one or the other, increased attention in viewers. But, to be honest, the fact that these images attract the viewers attention and impact them is a guarantee that they will change their behaviors and will stop smoking? And what happen when the audience becomes accustomed to see those kinds of ads? Does it cause the hopeful results? In 2009, several researches were carried out to pro the effectiveness of shocking advertisements in Great Britain and according to Professor Alex Gardner, a chartered psychotherapist and psychologist, shocking ads traditionally worked however, if the same tactics and the same message are being used all the time, and then it will only become wallpaper to a person. So, as this research shows, using the same images and tactics all the time for communicating messages to the audience doesnt work very well. Now, lets analyze what happen with the case of shock advertisement used for anti- smoking campaigns. They used to work with images that show the negatives effects of smoking in peoples body parts: damaged teeth, gory lungs, etc. That way, with the purpose of keeping peoples interest and for they dont become desensitized, advertisers use another images which are also shocking but in a different way: for example, showing pictures where a child is smoking a cigarette and is saying: I wanna be like you .What does this ad communicate? Essentially, it also talks about the consequences of smoking but through of a new message which is not as explicit as the images of damaged part of the body .This message makes people realize that when they smoke , they damage not only their heath but also theirs children heath. As Andy Nairn, the executive planning di- rector of Miles Cal crafts Briginshaw Duffy in Great Britain. Says:By featuring extreme, shocking images, youre giving people a get-out clause, making them think: I m not that bad. Shock stimuli influence in a positive way the comprehension of the messages and increase retention of them in the viewers. There are three levels of shock in advertising: visceral shock, intellectual shock, and for lack of a better term, soul shock (Bruce Grierson, 1998). So, when an audience watches a shock ad about a specific issue (social, health, environmental, etc) one of these three levels will react. Although shock advertising is effective as they attract peoples attention and facilitate retention in the viewers, they can also be people in several ways. What is more, in one of theirs definition Venkat and Abi Hanna said, shock advertising appeal and, indeed shock, is regarded as, and advertisement that deliberately offends its audience. Lets analyze what kind of offences shock ads can elicit to the audience that watch or listen to them. The offences are closely in relation with violating norms either social or religious which should not be broken up. But, what is norm violation? According to Baron and Byrne (1997), is the violation of shared expectations within a social group, of their rules what is acceptable what is unacceptable. That way, shock ads show both certain messages and images that break these norms in many ways. There are a lot of manners that advertisers can offend their audience which are :obscenity, sexual references, profanity , vulgarity ,religious taboos , etc . There are many ways in which shock ads offend people ,specially, social and religious organizations. Members of Catholic religion have been strongly offended by the images that shock ads show,. One of the most reminded ads is called kissing-nun sensual kiss with the sacred vows pronounced by men and women who enter religious orders. This advertisement caused a high impact in the viewers who are encoring to refuse the ideas and beliefs of Catholicism. This offended in a terrible way the whole catholic community. So, the use of this ad was finally banned. But lets think in the final purpose of this ad , it try to bring awareness or it is just trying to promote ideas against the Catholicism. It actually does not have a real purpose. Taking all in consideration, we are living in a society which is constantly receiving lot information. This information is delivered by the Mass Media which can be defined as a message sent to a lot people simultaneously .It is the vehicle to deliver information to the audience which is most of the time heterogeneous.Mass media is a key tool in the knowledge and information society because it fulfills several functions such as: :1)inform, 2) Surveillance,3)Service the economic system ,4)Entertain 5)Hold the society together 5)Persuade , etc.There are of these functions which are closely related: they are the economic system and to persuade. Economic system of any country depends in a direct way of a key element called costumers, that is to say, people who buy the products and services that the market offers. If there are not buyers it is probably that an economical crisis occurs. Therefore, it is necessary that exist something which encourages people to buy: Something or someone that persuade people. This is the role of a technique called advertising. Advertising is the attempt to inform and persuade a large number of people with a single communication (Longman), 1971).It needs to be created in a very attractive manner to attract audiences attention and persuade people for they to buy the products and services that the ad offers. But, ads not also offer products and services but also they promote ideas regard to social issues that are affecting our society. In that category we can find a special type of advertising which is called shock advertising. This type of ads has become very popular in our society because of the particular tactics that they use to attract the attention of the viewers. In few words, shock ads are disturbing, controversial and crass at the time to deliver the messages. They use the shock factor in order to impact their audience for influencing behavioral changes. But does it work? It is shock advertising an effective to develop social awar eness? Shock ads use the shock factor which a very strong tool at the time to attract the attention. Shock factor cause a high impact in peoples mind and help to promote changes in their behaviors. Nowadays, Shock advertisements are focused on communicates messages which have relation with health problems and its effects. Antismoking Campaigns have become popular because they used to work with shock images. That appeal to the most deepest peoples feelings..the effeteness of a shock ad depends on the way it appeal t audiences feelings , how the shock stimuli works for people to comprehend the messages and change their behavior..Shock ads can be a very useful tool to develop awareness in our society but it also can be offensive in the way they do not contribute to the society.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Veterans Essay -- PTSD in Military

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (commonly known as PTSD) is an important issue associated with military soldiers. The primary focus of this paper will be on the causes of PTSD and the effects it has on returning soldiers from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. I will attempt to elaborate on the soldiers' experiences through my own experiences in combat both in Iraq and Afghanistan. I will explain what PTSD is, look at the history of PTSD, how people get it, and differences of PTSD between men and women, and treatment options. As far back in history as we can go, humans have been in a fight for survival. There have been battles with gigantic mammoths, soldiers charging the front line with swords drawn or teachers witnessing neighbors being gassed to death. These are all significantly stressful situations that can lead to PTSD and have been around for centuries. For as long as there have been humans fighting there has been PTSD, it just wasn’t a term yet. During the Civil war, problems with PTSD became so severe that the first ever Military Hospital for the insane was established in 1863 (Bentley). Before that, since Military officials didn’t know what to do, or what was wrong with these physically able men they just threw them on the street or sent them home. With so many insane soldiers walking around, it was the public who insisted that something be done to help these soldiers and keep them off the street (Bentley). It wasn’t until 1905 during WWI that there was a link made between the mental collapse and the stresses of war(Bentley). There were so many cases of PTSD at first that officials believed it was caused by the concussion of shells on the brain, so they called it â€Å"shell shock†. It was the Russians who f... ...t. Bellevue College Lib., Bellevue, WA. 15 May 2011 Greist, John H., James W. Jefferson, David J. Katzelnick Facts For Heath. 11 May 2011. . Hales, Dianne. Wellness at Bellevue College. Mason, Ohio: Cengage Learning., 2011 Tarrant, David. "Iraq veteran's PTSD is an unrelenting enemy but he's fighting back." The Dallas Morning News 22 Aug. 2010. 11 May 2011 United States. Department of Veterans Affairs. Treatment of PTSD. 05 Oct. 2010. 11 May 2011. . Unknown, Anthony. â€Å"Cognitive Behavior Therapy†. Online posting. 31 Mar. 2011. PtsdForum Supporting Trauma. 15 May 2011.

Comparing Nuclear Energy To Other Energies Sources Environmental Sciences Essay

This study contains information on five different types of energy beginnings. It is a literature survey that compares two renewable ( solar and air current ) beginnings and two non-renewable ( coal and natural gas ) beginnings to atomic energy. The comparing is based on factors such as use, cost ( both capital costs and running costs ) , safety and stableness, storage of waste and the impact on the environment. The beginnings are separately compared to atomic energy. In the comparings merely the factors relevant to the two energy beginnings being compared at any given clip are considered factors are non repeated in the comparing. It besides looks at whether the media ‘s portraiture of the dangers of atomic energy is accurate or whether it overestimates the dangers involved in bring forthing atomic power. The purpose of the study was to find the viability of atomic energy as a beginning of power to back up electricity demands of the population in the hereafter. This is a literature survey turn toing the portraiture of atomic energy by the media and its viability as an energy beginning in comparing to other methods of bring forthing electricity. The study compares Nuclear energy to energy generated by coal, natural gases, air current and the Sun ( i.e. solar energy ) . The energy types are separately compared to Nuclear energy. Each subdivision high spots specific jobs and advantages associated with Nuclear energy as it relates to the energy to which it is being compared. Factors taken into consideration include the costs involved with the assorted types of energy, how much it is being used globally, impact on the environment, storage of waste, safety and stableness. The study was written to run into the demands laid down by JSQ216, a 2nd twelvemonth technology topic at the University of Pretoria. The study was completed by apportioning each of the four group members a specific energy to research and comparison to atomic energy. The research was so completed by utilizing journal articles, books, cyberspace sites and nearing two applied scientists about the job. The information was processed, the dependability of the beginnings assessed and a short part of the study was generated by each group member. All four parts were so put together for the concluding study. Figure 1: Break down of solar energy [ 2 ] The Sun has been around since the beginning of clip but merely late has it been used as a beginning of renewable energy. Approximately 120000 TW of solar energy is absorbed by the Earth ‘s surface which is equal to 10000 times the entire planetary demand for energy. Merely 0.1 % of this energy would be required to fulfill the universe ‘s present ingestion of fuels. [ 1 ] There are three chief ways to tackle the Sun energy. These include solar cells which convert sunshine straight into electricity. Solar H2O heating where heat from the Sun is used to heat H2O inside panels on roof tops. And in conclusion solar furnaces that make usage of mirrors to concentrate the suns energy into a little infinite to bring forth high temperatures. As illustrated by figure 1. There are close to 440 atomic power workss in the universe today which supply 16 % of the universe ‘s energy demand, nevertheless merely 1 % is functional energy with the remainder being atomic waste. If 1 % of the country where there is recoverable energy utilised solar energy devices all the universe ‘s energy demands could be met with solar energy entirely. If 10 % of the country were to be utilized so in two old ages the electricity produced would be equal to all known militias of fossil fuels. [ 1 ] Cost jobs with solar energy are the high capital costs involved in the installing of solar panels which can be really expensive. The demand to hive away energy because of solar handiness due to factors such as clip of twenty-four hours and conditions conditions is besides dearly-won. States at higher heights with day-to-day cloud screen will hold an economic disadvantage due to long distance transportation of energy. Care of panels besides has to be considered. Nuclear energy is soon cheaper than solar power nevertheless the building of the installations and the disposal of radioactive waste is dearly-won and can impact the environment. [ 3 ] Solar power is comparatively safe to utilize every bit long as you do non look straight into the Sun ‘s beams or come into contact with hot solar panels. In the instance of atomic power it is besides safe to utilize as the atomic reactors are equipped with excess systems to do certain there is no atomic meltdown. This makes it a really stable energy beginning. Nuclear energy starts to acquire more unsafe in the signifier of exhausted fuel rods and radioactive waste. Even though atomic energy is dependable and stable as a whole, when something does travel wrong it can go really serious and really unsafe. Solar energy does non hold any signifier of waste as replaced panels and constituents can be reused or recycled. Nuclear energy has two types of waste merchandises, the spent fuel rods which if non stored decently in pools of H2O to chill down could go really unstable. The other signifier is radioactive gasses and other waste merchandises that if released into the ambiance can present assorted hazards. Solar energy produces no waste or pollution. Waste from atomic power must be sealed and stored resistance for long periods of clip. This waste must be kept safe from external factors and from human contact in order to forestall a menace. Such a menace is presently under manner at the Fukushima Daiichi power works in Japan where a pool of exhausted fuel rods caught fire this twelvemonth. Solar power is a renewable power beginning therefore it is environmentally friendly. It is soundless and requires no fuel hence there is no pollution. It even decreases the sum of harmful green house gasses. Although there are many advantages to solar energy there is still the fact that a big sum of panels is required to bring forth the needful electricity. This becomes really dearly-won. It is dependable and has no hazards that are associated with atomic energy. Nuclear energy on the other manus is non a renewable beginning and if non handled in the right manner could impact the environment in a negative manner. Even though it does non lend to planetary heating like other fossil fuels, the waste gasses it does bring forth could potentially do radioactive illnesss and malignant neoplastic disease in worlds and other life signifiers. A sum-up of the advantages and disadvantages of solar and atomic energy can be found in the tabular arraies below Table 1: Advantages of Solar and Nuclear Energy Solar Energy Nuclear Energy Renewable energy beginning Does non breathe green house gasses Has no volatile waste Plenty of resources available Once panels are in topographic point the energy is free Cheaper than solar power Table 2: Disadvantages of Solar and Nuclear Energy Solar Energy Nuclear Energy Does non work at dark Radioactive waste Presently really expensive Long-run storage required for waste merchandises Requires large Fieldss in order to reap a suited sum of energy Some reactors produce Pu which can be used to do atomic arms All around the universe we require every energy beginning that we can acquire including atomic. All energy beginnings have both pros and cons. Even though atomic energy is portrayed as an unstable beginning of energy it is in fact one of the most dependable and stable types in the universe today. The downside is in its waste that if treated falsely could set down in the custodies of terrorists. In the following 20 old ages at that place will be emerging economic systems throughout the Earth that will necessitate low cost, environmentally friendly alternate energy beginnings and Nuclear power is expected to fulfill this demand.Wind EnergyWind power is the coevals of electricity through the usage of air current to whirl turbines, which in bend, convert the air current ‘s kinetic energy into electricity. [ 1 ] The procedure of utilizing air current as a power beginning has been in usage throughout history from around the twelfth century where windmills were used to mill grain. [ 2 ] Wind power coevals uses wind turbines to do electricity, air current Millss for mechanical power and air current pumps for pumping H2O. [ 2 ] It is a renewable energy beginning that non many states have attempted to develop. Wind Power Worldwide June 2010 [ 3 ] State Capacity ( MW ) USA 36.3 China 33.8 Germany 26.4 Spain 19.5 India 12.1 Rest of the World 46.9 Entire 175.00Table 3: Wind Power Worldwide June 2010 In June 2010, The World Wind Energy Association ( WWEA ) published that 5 states entirely accounted for about 73 % of the universe ‘s entire air current energy production viz. USA, China, Germany, Spain and India. [ 3 ] Figure 2: World Electricity Production 2008 On the other manus, atomic energy production seems to be far more popular in a batch of states with some states such as the USA and France holding no less than 104 and 59 atomic reactors in operation severally [ 4 ] in early 2010. A survey done in 2008 to happen the per centum of each type of energy that is globally produced showed that air current signifiers portion of merely 2.8 % whereas atomic energy histories for 13.4 % of the universe ‘s entire power. The chief disadvantage of air current power is the undependability of the air current itself. In most countries the air current ‘s strength is excessively low to whirl a turbine. However, if wind energy were to be used in unison with solar and/or geothermic energy it could be developed into a stable and dependable beginning of power. The air current turbines themselves are rather safe with merely a few reported instances worldwide of damaged blades caused by bad conditions, none of which has resulted in any known hurts. [ 5 ] Nuclear reactor workss make usage of radioactive stuffs to bring forth electricity. The thought that these stuffs could go unstable and acquire out of control is one of the chief concerns ( along with radiation toxic condition ) for states bring forthing atomic energy. The Chernobyl atomic catastrophe of 1986 lead to better, more efficient protocols being put into pattern go forthing most states to believe that they are now better prepared to manage any destabilizing of the atomic stuffs. [ 6 ] However, weave energy remains theoretically a batch safer than atomic workss even with all the safety safeguards they take. The effects are much higher for a atomic catastrophe than for a air current turbine failure. Wind turbines do non breathe any waste merchandises as they do non fire any kind of fossil fuels or radioactive stuffs, so there is no concern over where to hive away or dispose of emanations safely- unlike atomic energy. The radioactive stuffs ( like Uranium and Plutonium ) that are used up in atomic power workss continue to bring forth unsafe radiation for 1000s of old ages after they have been used up as a fuel for atomic energy. The most effectual manner to hive away these depleted stuffs has non yet been found but for now they are being kept in belowground storage pools where they will non be harmful to anybody. [ 7 ] The initial apparatus of both air current turbines and atomic power workss are rather dearly-won. But one time built, wind turbines are cheaper to keep than the power workss, but they are both comparatively cheaper to keep than their fossil fuel opposite numbers with the atomic stuffs enduring a really long clip and with air current being a free resource to be used. Environmental Impact: Both air current and atomic energy as it is being produced, is friendly to the environing environment ( except in the tragic instance where radiation is leaked from the power works ) . However, wind turbines do do more noise than the power workss which is riotous to any locals remaining near the turbines. [ 8 ] The sum of infinite that a air current turbine takes is less than that of an mean atomic power works and the break to the environment during building is worse for the power workss because they take so much longer to be built. [ 8 ]Coal EnergyCoal, the most abundant and low-cost of the fossil fuels ( 1 ) , is a non-renewable energy beginning. It has been used as a beginning of energy for 1000s of old ages and has legion of import utilizations such as in electricity coevals, steel and cement industry, and industrial procedure warming. Coal frequently proves to be the lone alternate when low-cost, cleaner energy beginnings are unable to run into the turning energy demand faced with today ( 1 ) . Fossil fuels are formed from the organic remains of prehistoric workss and animate beings that have undergone alterations due to heat and force per unit area over 1000000s of old ages. The procedure is still taking topographic point today but the rate of energy storage is little. The one-year biomass production stored this manner represents merely about 0.001 % of the current universe energy usage ( 2 ) . Even though wood coal can be made unnaturally, it is non possible to bring forth it at the rate of ingestion ( 3 ) . Therefore, coal is regarded as a non-renewable energy beginning and is bound to acquire depleted. Harmonizing to BP ‘s ( British Petroleum ) Statistical Review of World Energy 2010, there is a estimated 826001 million dozenss of proved coal militias worldwide, or 119 old ages reserves-to-production ratio ( length of clip that the staying coal militias would last if production were to go on at the old twelvemonth ‘s rate ) ( 4 ) . However, compared to other fossil fuels, coal militias are the largest 1s and are more equally distributed worldwide. Nuclear energy is besides a non-renewable beginning as it is reliant upon a finite beginning of fuel that can be exhausted. Although, the universe ‘s known uranium resources increased by 15 % in two old ages to 2007 owing to increased mineral geographic expedition The U ( and sometimes Pu ) used in atomic power is a natural resource and is a common metal found in stones all over the universe. The World Nuclear Association suggested that there is about ( 13 ) 160 old ages of supply at today ‘s rate of ingestion. Coal is chiefly used as a solid fuel to bring forth electricity and heat. The coal is normally pulverized and so combusted in a furnace with a boiler for the coevals of electricity. The steam which consequences from the burning is so used to whirl turbines, which drives the generators therefore making electricity. When coal is heated at about 1000 grades Celsius in an airless environment, Coke is produced. The Coke is so used is used to smelt Fe ore for the production of steel. A byproduct of this warming is Coal gas, which is a composing of methane and H, is produced. Coal gas was used for residential lighting and cookery in the 1940s ; but it was really dearly-won and so it was stopped. However, in recent times, these gasification procedures are being developed to be more cost effectual and so coal gas is frequently used as fuel for engines. Nuclear power workss create electricity through a procedure called fission in which subatomic atoms called neutrons split uranium atoms, bring forthing enormous sums of energy. The consequence of the fission of these big atoms is the creative activity of smaller atoms and radiation. The energy produced is so absorbed by H2O which heats it and so stream is produced. The steam is so used to whirl turbines as in the instance with coal power workss. Harmonizing to the Key World Energy Statistics 2010 ( 5 ) , 27 % of the worldwide energy demand was fulfilled by coal in 2009.Coal was the 2nd largest beginning of energy followed by Oil providing 33.2 % . China is a major manufacturer with coal with coal ever playing a dominant function in its primary energy ingestion. China consumed a high 46,9 % of the coal supplied and produced the most coal ( 45,6 % ) harmonizing to the BP Statistical World Energy Review 2010. World primary energy demand is expected to go on to turn steadily, as it has over the last two decennaries Harmonizing to the International Energy Outlook 2010 ( an appraisal by the Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) of the mentality for international energy markets through 2035 ) , universe ingestion of coal additions by 56 % over the following two decennaries ( 6 ) . Nuclear energy supplies the universe 5.8 % of the universe ‘s ingestion which is less than a one-fourth of what coal supplies. This is expected as there are merely 442 operable atomic power Stationss world-wide, the first one being created about 50 old ages ago which is comparatively recent. The extraction of coal involves two types of excavation: surface ( strip ) excavation and resistance excavation. Surface excavation involves the remotion of coal sedimentations near to Earth ‘s surface whereas underground excavation is taking sedimentations found 100s of metres below the Earth ‘s surface. Underground mining histories to about 60 % of the universe ‘s coal production ( 7 ) and requires the creative activity of shafts and tunnels that are dug in to the coal beds. There have been legion tragic happenings in the history of coal excavation as it is a really hazardous concern and lay waste toing accidents occur in all states that produce commercial measures of this mineral. Most mining accidents occur as a consequence of cave-ins, methane detonations, mine wall failures, vehicle hits or the implosion therapy of the mine shafts. Besides asphyxiation, gas toxic condition, respiratory complaints ( chiefly Black Lung Disease ) were common. Over 100,000 mineworkers have dies over the past century in coal-mining accidents in the U.S ( 2nd largest manufacturers of coal ) merely ( 8 ) . However, most of these hazards have been reduced in contemporary mines owing to modern engineering and wellness and safety Acts of the Apostless puting stricter criterions. Nevertheless, in lesser developed states and some underdeveloped states, continue to see important Numberss of excavation human deaths each twelvemonth. The copiousness of coal makes it easy accessible and the usage of cheaper manners of transit makes this resource an cheap signifier of energy when compared to energies such as solar, air current or hydro. It is besides somewhat cheaper than the costs involved in bring forthing atomic energy. When comparing the economic sciences in bring forthing energy from these two beginnings, it is of import to see several different types costs associated with both coal and atomic energy. This includes costs associated with the fuel used in the production of energy which tend to be lower in a atomic works even though more intricate stairss are involved in the production of the fuel assemblies used in the reactors. Transportation system costs are, nevertheless, high for coal because a significantly big sum of coal is needed to bring forth the same energy as with the atomic fuel. The capital costs are the costs associated with the initial building of the works and the alterations forms an of import portion when comparing the costs. For a atomic works, these costs are normally higher than for any other energy signifiers as the edifices used for containment or the safety-related equipment demand to run into higher criterions than those met by traditional coal workss. On the other manus, coal workss are required to include scrubbers to take airborne pollutants as a consequence of the combustion of the coal. Another consideration is the operation and care costs involved. These are the costs involved in the daily operation of the coal and atomic workss. This includes labor costs, stuff costs, authorities fees and belongings revenue enhancements. It is found that the costs are really similar in both the workss. The costs associated with the byproduct waste should besides be taken into history. For a coal workss, this is the coal ash and for a atomic works, these costs include a charge levied by the authorities for ultimate storage of the high degree waste. This charge is a level fee based on energy usage. The waste costs for atomic energy is well higher than the costs for coal workss. Therefore, the costs involved in bring forthing coal and atomic energy are approximately the same ( 9 ) . The combustion of coal is known to lend to planetary heating, and is linked to environmental and wellness issues such as acerb rain, smog and asthma owing to the particulate emanations that are emitted from power Stationss. Harmonizing to the World Health Organisation, it is estimated that air pollution kills more than 2 million people yearly ( 10 ) . Coal is the largest subscriber to the human-made addition of CO2, a nursery gas which causes planetary heating and clime alteration in the air ( 11 ) . Strip excavation causes big countries of land to be temporarily disturbed and this causes dirt eroding and impacts on local biodiversity as after the land has been scraped and quarried for coal, it is normally abandoned. The waste after coal has been combusted is frequently disposed of in landfills or â€Å" surface impoundings, † which are lined with compacted clay dirt and a fictile sheet. As rain filters through the toxic ash cavities over old ages, the toxic metals are leached out into the local environment. Coal sludge is the liquid coal waste generated by rinsing coal and is known to incorporate toxins, and so leaks or spills can foul belowground and surface Waterss. ( 12 )Natural Gas EnergyThe Natural Gas used in power production is a colourless, odourless and tasteless gas made chiefly of methane and other hydrocarbons ( including C2H6, propane, butanes and pentanes ) . It besides contains C dioxide, He, H sulfide and N, in smaller measures. Natural gas is a molecular compound with Van Der Waal attractive force between its molecules [ 1 ] . It has a boiling point of -161oC and is stable at a broad assortment of temperatures and force per unit areas [ 1 ] . Natural gas is transported in its liquid signifier as it taken up 600 times less infinite as a liquid than it does as a gas and weighs 55 % less than the same volume of H2O. It is a consequence of the decomposition of workss and animate beings and is found in pockets beneath the Earth and ocean. Natural gas is an of import beginning of power in the modern universe. Harmonizing to Makogen ( 2010:49 ) if we were to utilize 17 to 20 % of the universe ‘s natural gas resources, we would be able to supply the universe with energy for 200 old ages. Although it presently merely accounts for 20 % of the universe ‘s energy, the demand is expected to increase well over the following 20 old ages. It is a cleaner fuel beginning than any other dodo fuel [ 2 ] breathing about no sulfur dioxide and far less C dioxide and NHx than either oil or coal. Natural gases can besides be used in concurrence with other power coevals methods, such as biomass [ 3 ] , to bring forth energy which will alter the sum of pollutants emitted. Nuclear Stationss do non bring forth the same pollutants as fossil fuels do but blow direction remains the primary concern in atomic engineering. The waste merchandises of a atomic station are isotopes with highly long half-lives. The storage of these waste merchandises means making a safe storage infinite that needs to last longer than all the human civilizations combined. There are three different degrees of atomic waste, high degree, medium degree and low degree. Low degree waste is non really unsafe and disposing of it is non a job. The danger comes in with high degree radioactive waste. The waste is encased in concrete membranophones and buried up to a kilometer and a half into the land [ 5 ] . However, high degree radioactive waste can non be stored near any other high degree radioactive waste as it will interact with the other waste. It is besides of import to happen stable land in which to hive away the waste, as concrete can check and interrupt in the event of an temblor or shudder. South Africa is one of the safer places to hive away atomic waste as it has a geologically stable countryside. Some countries, like the northern Karoo, have experienced about 30 000 old ages of stableness. In between the remotion of the waste from usage and the concluding storage of the waste it needs to be left to soak in H2O for a period of clip, to acquire rid of some of the residuary radiation. In this clip the fuel rods need to be safely guarded as the waste merchandises are used in the creative activity of dirty bombs and atomic bombs. A soiled bomb is a normal bomb incorporating high degree radioactive waste and is detonated above a metropolis, leting the radioactive atoms to pollute the H2O supply in add-on to other harm. [ 5 ] Plutonium, one of the waste merchandises of a atomic power station, is a primary constituent in atom bombs and the rods frequently have to be processed to take all Pu before they can be disposed. The usage to which the waste merchandises can be used besides means that steps need to be taken in guaranting that any state with a atomic power station does non utilize the waste in a atomic arms plan. It besides leaves a state more vulnerable to atomic onslaught as should a dirty or atom bomb land near a atomic station the merchandises of the two would respond with each other, compounding harm. The waste from a atomic station can be greatly reduced by the right direction of the station but it still remains a serious menace. Cold merger could theoretically bring forth energy without radioactive waste but experiments with cold merger have produced really small energy, non even plenty to power a light bulb. Cold merger is besides regarded as a cozenage by many scientists and has the same ill fame as â€Å" ageless gesture † and â€Å" free energy † in many scientific circles [ 9 ] . The degree of efficiency of natural gas as a power beginning is, nevertheless, really much dependant on the engineering used to bring forth the power. In a comparing of different engineerings [ 4 ] it was found that Natural Gas combined rhythm engineering was the most efficient of the Natural Gas engineerings. The engineerings were compared based on efficiency, capital costs, care costs, the service life and electricity costs ( calculated based on the cost of the fuel, the care costs, capital cost and service life ) . The capital costs of the combined rhythm engineering were merely over a‚ ¬500 with an expected care cost of less than a‚ ¬0.005 per kg Watt hr and a service life of 20 old ages ( i.e. the clip the works operates before equipment demands to be replaced. ) A atomic station has to replace its one tierce of its fuel rods yearly [ 5 ] Relatively, a atomic station ‘s capital costs are higher than any other fuel beginning [ 6 ] but they produce electricity at a really low cost which offsets the initial high cost. This can be seen in figure 2, below, which shows a comparing of the cost to bring forth energy for assorted engineerings. The cost of power from a atomic works besides tends to stay stable [ 7 ] even if the cost of uranium varies as up top 75 % of the fuel cost in a atomic works is to cover the start-up cost. On the other manus, natural gas monetary values are really dependent on the supply and so monetary values tend to change. Natural gas is besides capable to carbon revenue enhancements in some states because of its emanations, which reduces its cost efficiency. Figure 3: Cost of Energy Generation for Different Technologies Location besides plays a really of import function in finding whether or non natural gas or atomic energy is the most efficient solution of a state. A state that is abundant in fossil fuels and does non pay C revenue enhancements would happen that natural gas was a far more suited engineering. However, when it becomes necessary to import natural gases, the supply security of the works becomes compromised and it Nuclear may be a more financially feasible option. Both Nuclear and Natural Gas beginnings have the advantages of being able to provide on demand. Most renewable energy resources are offered on an as-available footing [ 8 ] . This means that you do non necessitate to run a coal station alongside a atomic station in instance it does non bring forth adequate energy to run into demand.DecisionMedia is wrong in portraiture, excessively utmost but still non safe Waste disposal is unsafe, careful consideration as to storage installations Safety, security Vulnerability to atomic onslaught

Tanah Lot in Report Text

Tanah Lot Tanah Lot is one of tourist objects in Bali where the visitors can see sunset. Tanah Lot located in Beraban, Tabanan Regency. Tanah Lot as famous as Bedugul. There are two shrines above a big stone. One of them is in above the big stone and the other one located in precipice of the stone similiar with Uluwatu shrine. Tanah Lot’s shrine is a part of Dang Kahyangan shrine. There are a place of sacrifice some Gods who keep the sea. In the north of Tanah Lot, there is a mountain side. This mountain side is correlating the shrine and land. The form of this mountain side is curve as a bridge. Tanah Lot is famous with its beautiful sunset. Usually, people can see a sunset at 05. 00 p. m. Not only domestic tourits who came in this tourist object, but most of foreign tourists also came in Tanah Lot to see a beautiful sunset. There are so many art shops and restaurants around Tanah Lot. The visitors can come to this shop and buy some souvenir from there. The location of Tanah Lot is not far from Kuta. It jus needs about 30 up to 40 minutes by using a car. Garuda Wisnu Kencana (GWK) Garuda Wisnu Kencana (GWK) Cultural Park is one of tourist ojects in Bali. It located in Unggasan Jimbaran Bali which famous with its statue, GWK statue. This statue is imagine a Wisnu God which is riding a vehicle named Garuda in its altitude 12 m. This statue is created by a famous sculptor in Bali named I Nyoman Nuarta. Garuda Wisnu Kencana (GWK) Cultural Park located in 146 metres in its length from the land and 263 metres in its altitude from the sea. This statue is projected to make a bonding effect a sight in 20 km in order to it can be seen from Kuta, Sanur, Nusa Dua and Tanah Lot. Statue of Garuda Wisnu Kencana is a symbol of the savety environment and the world. This statue is made from steel and copper of 4000 ton in its weight. It has 75 metres in its altitude and 60 metres in its width. If this statue has finished in its built, it will become the biggest statue in this world because it is bigger than Liberty statue.