The African-American Press Timeline 1827 to 1895

The African-American Press  has been a powerful vehicle in fighting social and racial injustice since its inception in 1827.   John B. Russwurm and Samuel Cornish, freedmen in New York City, established Freedoms Journal in 1827 and began with these words We wish to plead our own cause. Although the paper was shortlived, its existence set the standard for African-American newspapers established before the 13th Amendment was passed: fight for the abolition of enslavement and fight for social reform.   Following the Civil War, this tone continued. This timeline is focused on newspapers established between 1827 and 1895 by African-American men and women.   1827: John B. Russwurm and Samuel Cornish establish Freedom’s Journal, the first African-American newspaper. 1828: Abolitionist groups publish The African Journal in Philadelphia and the National Philanthropist in Boston.   1839: The Palladium of Liberty is established in Columbus, Ohio. It is an African-American newspaper run by freed African-Americans. 1841: The Demosthenian Shield hits the printing press. The newspaper is the first African-American news publication in Philadelphia. 1847: Frederick Douglass and Martin Delaney establish The North Star. Published out of Rochester, NY, Douglass and Delaney serve as the editors of the newspaper which advocates for the abolition of enslavement. 1852: Following the passage of The Fugitive Slave Law in 1850, Mary Ann Shadd Cary established The Provincial Freeman. The news publication encouraged African-Americans to emigrate to Canada. The Christian Recorder, the African Methodist Episcopal’s newspaper, is established. To date, it is the oldest existing African-American publication in the United States. When Benjamin Tucker Tanner took over the newspaper in 1868, it became the largest African-American publication in the nation. 1855: The Mirror of the Times is published in San Francisco by Melvin Gibbs. It is the first African-American newspaper in California. 1859: Frederick Douglass establishes Douglass’ Monthly. The monthly publication is dedicated to social reform and abolition of enslavement. In 1863, Douglass uses the publication to advocate for African-American men to join the Union Army.    1861: African-American news publications are a source of entrepreneurship. An estimated 40 African-American owned newspapers are in existence throughout the United States. 1864: The New Orleans Tribune is the first African-American daily newspaper in the United States. The New Orleans Tribune is not only published in English, but also French. 1866: The first semi-weekly newspaper, The New Orleans Louisianan begins publication. The newspaper is published by PBS Pinchback, who will become the first African-American governor in the United States. 1888: The Indianapolis Freeman is the first African-American journal that is illustrated. Published by Elder Cooper, the Indianopolis Freeman. 1889: Ida B. Wells and Reverend Taylor Nightingale begin publishing Free Speech and Headlight. Printed out of the Beale Street Baptist Church in Memphis, Free Speech and Headlight published articles concerning racial injustice, segregation and lynching. The newspaper is also known as Memphis Free Speech.   1890: The Associated Correspondents of Race Newspapers is established. Josephine St. Pierre begins The Women’s Era. The Women’s Era was the first newspaper published specifically for African-American women. During its seven year run, the publication highlighted the accomplishments of African-American women, advocated for African-American women’s rights as well as an end to social and racial injustice. The newspaper also serves as an organ for the National Association of Colored Women (NACW).   1892: Baltimore’s The Afro American is published by Reverend William Alexander but is later taken over by John H. Murphy Sr. The newspaper will become the largest African-American-owned news publication on the east coast. 1897: The weekly newspaper, The Indianapolis Recorder begins publication.

Essay on International Economics of Renewable Energy

International Economics of Renewable Energy Energy is a critical component for every economy and society around the world. Energy is divided into two groups, nonrenewable (coal, oil, natural gas, and nuclear) with a finite amount found around the globe and renewable (hydro, tidal, solar, wind, geothermal, and biomass) that are constantly being replenished so that they will never run out (Green Energy Choice, 2011). The international economic impact of renewable energy is explored by examining subsidies, strategic policies, and comparative advantage of renewable energy. Subsidies Renewable energy in its various forms can be over 5 times more expensive than conventional types of fossil fuel forms of energy generation and none are†¦show more content†¦The state of California has set an aggressive schedule for the required amounts of renewable energy use, stepping from 20% in 2013, to 25% in 2016, and finally 33% by 2020 (DSIRE, 2011). By setting required levels of renewable energy to be used by energy companies the government leaves it up to the generator to develop the most cost effective source of renewable energy and the government faces small cost impacts because the brunt of the costs are forced on the users. Subsides are being provided directly to renewable energy generators by governments all over the world. German has launched an aggressive campaign to have 100% of its energy come from renewable sources. The German government gives direct subsidies to individuals and businesses for the installation of roof top solar panels on their proper ty, thus making renewable energy more attractive for small renewable energy generators (Burgermeister, 2009). Direct subsidies have become a required part of renewable energy for small producers to find it cost effective and current efficiency levels show that they will be required for many years to come. Subsides for renewable energy comes in many shapes and sizes, but the end result is that renewable energy is significantly more expensive than current nonrenewable energy. Perponets of renewable energy claim the economic effects of renewable energy are seen in stable pricesShow MoreRelatedBrazil s Global Energy Development Essay1170 Words   |  5 PagesBrazil is Latin America’s largest renewable energy market notwithstanding flat economic growth as its commitment to renewable energy is strong and has facilitated continuous investment in this segment sighting that nearly 76 percent comes from renewable resources. (International Trade Administration Sector Snapshot) To d ate, wind and hydropower have been the source of Brazil’s renewable energy expansion. As it is projected that new solar energy development over the long term will provide an encouragingRead MoreGlobal Energy Consumption And The State Of Infrastructure1090 Words   |  5 Pagesof these targets in the realization of the goal. Measurability To effectively measure improvement on targets 7.1-7.3, source and levels of global energy consumption must be accounted for. These assessment procedures have been carried out for years by national and international organizations such as the International Energy Agency (IEA) or the US Energy Information Administration (EIA). They use indicators (aggregate and disaggregate) in different sectors (transport, commercial, industrial) to estimateRead MoreAccess Of Modern Energy Is A Combination Of Three Characteristics : Availability, Affordability And Reliability1094 Words   |  5 PagesAccess to modern energy is a combination of three characteristics: availability, affordability and reliability (Reddy, 2015). We can also measure a percentage of the world population with access to affordable and reliable electricity sources (i) and the percentage of people who primarily rely on modern, non-solid fuels (ii) (Wykes et al., 2015). Combined, these two percentages are relevant indicators. The percentages of population per country with access to electricity (i) and modern non-solid fuelsRead MoreThe Long Term Effects Of Increasing Demand For Renewable Energy1690 Words   |  7 Pages Renewable Energy Wind, Water, Sun: Energy for the long run Prepared by Mashfik Shamir Midterm Proposal BUS 160W – An Introduction to Business Writing Queens College August 1, 2013 Professor Denise L. Miller Mashfik Shamir 8531 129 Street Richmond Hill, NY 11418 August 1, 2013 Prof. Denise Miller CUNY Queens College 65-30 Kissena Blvd. Flushing, NY 11367 Dear Prof. Miller: I am submitting this proposal to provide some information on the long term effects of increasing demand forRead MoreImpact Of Climate Change Policy On Employment Essay1313 Words   |  6 Pagesrainfall patterns are shifting, and more extreme climate events, such as drought, flooding, are taking place. It is not a forecast anymore; greenhouse gases are intensifying the global warming. In 2013, 81.2% of the energy consumption in the world are produced by fossil fuel (International Energy Agency). Could you imagine how much greenhouse gases are produced? Ever since 1980s, scientist has found that the emission of the greenhouse gases is the major factor contributes to the global warming, which intensifyRead MoreThe Ratification Of The Un Sustainable Development Goals1071 Words   |  5 Pagesaffordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all CITATION Sus15 l 4105 [1]. Are the Targets Truly Measureable? All of the targets set to meet the forestated goal are truly measurable. Overall, some facets of the targets can be measured in a straightforward and quantitative fashion. In other cases, further definition is required. The simplest aspect is access to modern energy, one either has access to it or does not. 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Aiming to convince the reader fossil fuels should be freely used, he first argued that the energy provided by fossil fuels is vital to the health and well-being of mankind. He supported this by stating that processes such as purifying water, mass production of medicine and freshRead MoreResearch And Development Of Primary Energy988 Words   |  4 Pagesrobust and fit for purpose†. (Wykes, Stevens Singer (2015), Measuring what matters in the Energy SDG). In fact, several indicators and measurement methods have been proposed by experts. Indeed, for the target 7.1, a percentage of the worldwide electricity access and reliance on non-solid fuels would be a good indicator. The second target can be measured by evaluating renewable energies share in the total energy consumption over a period of time. The third target requires a measurement that shouldRead More Technology Transfers: Developing Renewable Energy Sources Essay1748 Words   |  7 PagesClimate change is an increasingly demanding issue as global population continues to grow, energy sources are being depleted and cooperation between actors to take action is often difficult to enforce. Renewable energy is a growing technology. With the depletion of fossil fuels as well as increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere due to fossil fuel burning, energy dependency will have to shift to renewable technologies such as solar photovoltaic, wind, hydroelectric and geothermal. Unfortunately

Fossil Notes Free Essays

1. Form in Several Ways (The following are some of the processes that make fossils. ) a. We will write a custom essay sample on Fossil Notes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Permineralization minerals carried by water are deposited around a hard structure (may replace the hard structure) The most common fossils result from this process. A1. Natural Casts form by water removing the bone/tissue, leaving an impression in sediment. Minerals fill in the mold, recreating the original shape of the organism A2. Trace fossils record activity of an organism. Ex. nests, burrows, Imprints, footprints A3. Amber-preserved fossils are organisms that become trapped in tree resin that hardens into amber after the tree gets buried underground A4. Preserved remains form when an entire organism becomes encased in material such as ice or volcanic ash or immersed in bogs. b. Most fossils form in sedimentary rock (layers of sediment). The best environments for fossilization include wetlands, bogs, and where sediment is continuously deposited Ex. river mouths, lakebeds, and floodplains c. For Permineralization, the organism must be buried or encased in some type of material (sand, sediment, mud, tar) soon after death while the organism’s features are still intact. Then groundwater trickles into tiny pores and spaces. The excess minerals in the water are deposited on the remaining tissues. The mineral deposits are left behind making a fossilized record to replace the organic tissues with hard minerals. It has the same shape as the original structure and may keep tissue. 2. Radiometric Dating Provides an Accurate Estimate of a Fossil’s Age. a. Relative Dating estimates the time during which an organism lived. It’s done by comparing the placement of fossils of that organism with the placement of fossils in other layers of rock. b. Radiometric Dating is a technique that uses the natural decay rate of unstable isotopes found in materials in order to calculate the age of that material. (Done to calculate actual age of Fossil) c. Isotopes are atoms of an element that have the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons. Isotopes are named by their number of protons plus their number of neutrons. C1. Isotopes with unstable nuclei ave their nuclei undergo radioactive decay (break down) over time. This releases radiation in the form of particles and energy. A decaying isotope may turn into a new element.. A half-life is the amount of time it takes for half of the isotope in a sample to decay into a different element, or its product isotope 3. Radioactive Dating a. A fossil’s age can be estimated by comparing the ratio of a stable isotope, to a radioactive isotope. Carbon-14 dating can be used to date objects only up to about 45,000 years old. Older objects can be dated using isotopes with longer half-lives. . Scientists have used radiometric dating to determine the age of Earth by using meteorites 12. 2 The Geologic Time Scale 1. Index Fossils Are Another Tool to Determine the Age of Rock Layers a. Index Fossils are fossils of organisms that existed only during specific spans of time over large geographic areas. b. The best Index fossils are common, easy to identify, found widely around the world, and only existed for a relatively brief time. 2. The Geologic Time Scale Organizes Earth’s History a. The Geologic Time Scale is a representation of the history of Earth. It organizes Earth’s history by major changes or events that have occurred, using evidence from the fossil and geologic records. b. The time scale is divided into a series of units based on the order in which different groups of rocks and fossils were formed. It consists of 3 basic units of time: (Periods are most common) B1. Eras last tens to hundreds of millions of years and consist of two or more periods B2. Periods last tens of millions of years. Each period is associated with a particular type of rock system. B3. Epochs are the smallest units of geologic time and last several million years. How to cite Fossil Notes, Papers

Capital Budgeting and Investment Analysis †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Capital Budgeting and Investment Analysis. Answer: Introduction The present report aims to present an analysis of the investment proposals that are considered by SD Ltd for investing in new machinery. The capital budgeting decisions are very crucial for a business entity in order to select the most profitable investment option that will improve the business performance in future context. The capital budgeting can be stated to be a step by step process that a business entity uses for determining the benefits of an investment project (Bhimani, 2006). The capital budgeting seeks to analyse the risks and returns of a project and thus help in selecting the most attractive option based on their accountability. There are various techniques of capital budgeting used by project managers for analyzing the profitability of a project that are accounting rate of return, payback period, net present value and internal rate of return. The business entities are able to select the most appropriate investment option as per their requirements based on the results of the capital budgeting techniques. The business entities can predict the future cash flows through the help of capital budgeting decisions for developing their potential growth strategies and objectives (Huang, 2010). The selection of a most feasible investment strategy is essential for business entities to achieving competitive advantage in the market place and thus ensuring their sustainable growth and development (Peterson and Fabozzi, 2004). The business expansion and development depends on the capital budgeting decisions and in this context this report evaluates the investment options presented before SD Ltd. The SD Ltd is considering to either implementing G120 or Z125 machinery for automating its production and thus reducing its operational cost. In this context, the report provides an analysis of different capital investment appraisal measures in order to select the most appropriate option. Critical Discussion of Usefulness of the Respective Capital Investment Appraisal Measures Recommendations for Selection of an Option Accounting Rate of Return It is also known as average rate of return (ARR) and is used for selecting the feasibility of an investment option. It is calculated through dividing the average annual accounting profit to be realized from a project by initial investment. The project is accepted if the ARR is greater than required rate of return (Baker and English, 2011). The main advantage of use of this method is that is easy to implement and to use for analyzing the feasibility of a project (Besley and Brigham, 2008). The method is not largely used by the project managers during capital budgeting decisions as it does not take into account the concept of time value of money that can impact the profit generated from a project with change in the interest rates. The ARR method is also mainly based on computing the profits that can be easily manipulated with the change in deprecation methods. Thus, it can provide misleading results during analysis and selection of different investment options. It does not take into ac count the cash flows realized from an investment proposal and therefore do not provide accurate results (Nwogugu, 2017). In addition to this, the method also does not take into consideration the increase in risks of the project over long period of time. The method also is not appropriate for comparison of different projects as it does not consider other factors that should be evaluated for comparison of different projects. The accounting rate of return for the two given options for investment in machinery is different as given in the table. The ARR for G120 is 18% and for the Z125 is 14.7% and therefore on the basis of ARR the SD Ltd is recommended to select the investment proposal of investing in G120 machinery (Wilson, 2015). The payback period is referred to as time-period required for recovering the cost of an investment. The payback period helps in taking decisions regarding to invest in a project or not. The longer the payback period of a project less it is suitable for investment purpose. The concept is very simple to be used and also to be understood. It can be calculated even without the use of a calculator. The method specifically emphasizes on the time required to recover the cost of a project and as such provides an assessment of its risk. Therefore, it can be used to compare the risks of different projects on the basis of their payback periods (Holmn and Pramborg, 2007). The method also has a drawback of not considering the concept of time value of money while determining the feasibility of a project. It only focuses on assessing the liquidity of a project and does not consider its profitability. The method does not take into account the cash flows that will be received after the payback period. As per this method, it can be said that SD Ltd should consider the project G120 for investment in comparison to Z125 as it have less payback period (Mushaho and Mbabazize, 2015). Net Present Value (NPV) The net present value can be stated as the difference between cash inflows and the cash outflows that is calculated for analyzing the profitability of a project (McClure, 2004). It is calculated through the use of following formula: The NPV evaluates the feasibility of a project through calculation and summation of all the discounted cash flows of a project that is either positive or negative. Thus, it is highly sensitive to discount rates. The project is accepted if it is expected to generate positive IRR and rejected if it provides negative IRR. The NPV method estimates the feasibility of a project on the basis of the cost of capital and the risk involved in estimating the future cash flows. The NPV method also is very useful for determining the expected value a project will create for a company (Bierman and Smidt, 2003). The project managers use the capital budgeting technique of NPV for calculating the cash flows of different investment options separately. However, its biggest disadvantage is that it is based on numerous assumptions about the cost of capital of a company. Therefore, if the cost of capital of an entity is considered to be very low it can result in making sub-optimal investments and it is very high then it can result in not selection of many appropriate investment options. As such, based on the NPV of the given two investment options for SD Ltd, the Z125 machinery investment option should be selected as its NPV is 420,194 and 284,864 (Bierman and Smidt, 2007). The internal rate of return (IRR) in capital budgeting decisions is used to assess the profitability of potential investment options. It is said to be a discount rate at which the NPV of all the cash inflows from a project becomes zero. It is thus used for calculating the breakeven point of a project. The most significant advantage of the use of this method is that it considers the concept of time value of money in analyzing the feasibility of a project. Also, it is simple to understand and so largely used by accounting managers in capital budgeting decisions. The decisions regarding the acceptance or rejection of a project in this technique is not based on the required rate of return. The major disadvantage of the method is that it does not consider the economies of scale Also, it does not analyse the profitability of a project on the basis of the project size. The cash flows are compared with the capital amount and therefore the projects with different capital investment cannot be compared as higher IRR will be obtained from a small project. The IRR method only emphasizes on the estimated cash flows of a project and does not consider the potential costs that can impact its future profitability. The method also cannot be used when the discount rate of a project is not known. As per the internal rate of return, the G120 investment option is selected in comparison to Z125 because it provides larger IRR (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2007). On the basis of analysis of all the four capital investment appraisal measures, it can be said that SD Ltd should select the investment option for investing in G120 machinery because it has higher IRR, lower payback period and higher ARR. The lower payback period of G120 investment option indicates that it has minimum risk and therefore it will recover its cost of investment in short period of time. The accounting return of return is also higher which means that G120 investment option will help in generation of more net income in comparison to the other option. The IRR of G120 option is higher indicating that the rate of return of this option is higher in comparison to other. The NPV of Z125 is higher as it evaluates the attractiveness of a project for inviting on the basis of cost of capital. The Z125 is a highly capital intensive project and as such its NPV value is higher in comparison to G120 option. Therefore, the most appropriate investment option for SD Ltd is investing in G12 0 machinery for improving its production process (Megginson, Lucey and Smart, 2008). Reasons for payback favor to the G120 option and NPV the Z125 option in the given case As depicted from the given table, the payback and NPV method of capital budgeting used for analyzing the feasibility of the two given investment options have shown different results. The payback capital budgeting technique favors G120 option as it has lower payback time therefore it will recover its cost in small period of time in comparison to other investment option. On the basis of pay-back method, it can be said that G120 investment option is less risky as it recover its cost of investment quickly. The NPV method favors Z125 option because it provides maximise wealth to the shareholders as it has larger NPV than G120 option. The NPV methods calculate the present value of cash flows and derive the value of a project that will be added to the shareholders wealth. The overall analysis provided by NPV is based o the cost of capital (Peterson and Fabozzi, 2004). The assessment provided by the NPV method can be said to be more reliable and therefore the company can consider the selecti on of investment option for Z125 machinery. The NPV value can be said to more reliable as it analyses the profitability of a project o the basis of the concept of time value of money and also provides results by considering the cash flows to be realized at the end of a project. Thus, it predicts the best investment option for a company by considering the future changes in the market place (Pogue, 2010). However, the payback period method is considered to be less reliable than NPV method because the results provided by it have not considered the factor of time value of money. Therefore, the company can select the Z125 machinery investment option as NOV method is more reliable capital budgeting technique in comparison to payback method. However, as per my opinion in the given case the G120 option is less risky because the projects that have payback period less than 3 years are accepted on the basis of their less risk. The Z125 option has more risk as its payback period is more than 3 years. Therefore, the company by selecting the G120 option can reduce its risk and by realizing the breakeven point earlier can re-invest the funds for earning greater profits. Also, the investing in Z125 would require the company to invest its entire capital budget as it requires more capital (Pratt, 2003). Therefore, the company should play safe and is recommended to invest in the projects that have les s risk that is in G120 option. Both the option does not consider the project size and therefore on the basis of results of payback period and NPV value, it is suggested that SD Ltd should select the investment option of G120 because it have less risk. The company is not in position of taking higher risk due to capital budget constraints and therefore recommended to select the results obtained from payback period method (Shapiro, 2005). Analysis of Confidence of Finance Director in the given case about achieving IRR would in excess of 15% for both options of G120 and Z125 The IRR (Internal Rate of Return) is regarded as the discount rate at which the net present value of cash flows becomes zero. The internal rate of return is often selected as the best option to accept or reject a project if the other factors are considered to be constant. On the other hand, the net present value is said to be the difference between the present value of cash inflows and outflows. It evaluates the profitability by taking into consideration the value of a dollar in present with that in the future (Hsu, 2005). The NPV and IRR both evaluates the profitability of a project by considering the time value of money and are used in combination by the project managers for analyzing and comparing the investment options. The relation between NPV and IRR can be used to describe the reason for the confidence of finance director that IRR would be greater than 15% for both the investment options. The NPV of a project if is less than zero then IRR is also less than the cost of capital and the project will be rejected (Griff, 2014). This is because the rate of return of a project is less than the expenditure incurred during carrying the project and therefore it is not able to realize its breakeven point. However, if NPV is equal to zero, then IRR is equal to the cost of capital and the project will be probably rejected as it will provides less return (Al-Ani, 2015). However, if NPV is greater than zero, then IRR is also greater than cost of capital and the project is accepted on the basis of providing it large profitability. As such, in the given scenario, the NPV is calculated through applying the cost of capital to be 15%. The NPV of both the projects as evaluated are positive and therefore it can be said that IRR of both the projects will be above 15%. This is because the IRR is calculated at the discount rate when NPV becomes zero. Therefore, the discount rate of both the projects would be above 15% to arrive at NPV to be zero which is calculated at the cost of capital rate of 15% (Lunkes et al., 2015). Impact of the Investment Option of a potential purchase of new engine plant The evaluation of the third investment option of new machinery with cost of 2,080,000 and NPV of 140,800 for SD Ltd can be done through considering the following two assumptions: Assumption 1: This option assumes that only one investment cession will be considered by SD Ltd out of the total three options. In this case, there will be no impact of the given option as its NPV is less than the NPVs of both G120 and Z125. Hence, it can be said that in the case of company only selecting one investment option it will either choose G120 and Z125 (Venkatesh and Gugloth, 2017). Assumption 2: This assumption assumes that two investment options from the three can be selected. In this case, the two investment options that can be selected by SD Ltd in combination are G120 and the new investment option. This is because the total capital budget of the company for investment purpose in the new machinery is equal to the overall initial investment that is to be made in investing the machinery option of Z125, that is, 3,232,000. As such, the total capital budget that will be required for undertaking both the investment options of G120 and the given new investment option will be 3,19,2000. This is the summation of the initial investment for G120 and the new investment option. Also, the combined NPV of both the projects will be 425,664 that is greater than the NPV of Z125 machinery investment option of 420,194. However, the company cannot take the investment decision to invest in the given new investment option and the Z125 option. This is due to the fact that SD Ltd only has a maximum capital budget that is equal to the initial investment required for investing in the Z125 machinery (Bierman and Smidt, 2007). Therefore, it is not feasible for the company to undertake any other investment option in addition of the Z125 option. As such, it can be said that the company if want to select the two investment options then it should decide to invest in the new machinery of the given investment option and the G120. This will help the company to achieve higher NPV in comparison to investing only in the investment option of Z125 within its capital budget constraints (Kengatharan, 2016). Conclusion Thus, it can be said from the overall discussion held in the report that capital budgeting decisions plays a critical role for achieving success from a capital project. The capital budgeting techniques analyzed in the report, that are, accounting rate of return, internal rate of return, net present value and the payback period are very important for evaluating the potential worth of a project, These techniques provides a base for accepting or rejecting a project under consideration based on its potential profitability and returns. The SD Ltd should select the investment option from the given tow machinery of G120 and Z125 after thorough analysis of the results obtained from the use of capital budgeting techniques. This is essential so that the company can achieve its strategic goals and objectives which it wants to achieve through installation of new machinery. The results obtained from the capital budgeting techniques in combination with the business requirements would decide the se lection of the most appropriate investment option. References Al-Ani, M.K. 2015. A Strategic Framework to Use Payback Period in Evaluating the Capital Budgeting in Energy and Oil and Gas Sectors in Oman. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues 5(2), pp. 469-475. Baker, K. and English, P. 2011. Capital Budgeting Valuation: Financial Analysis for Today's Investment Projects. John Wiley Sons. Besley, S. and Brigham, E. F. 2008. Essentials of Managerial Finance. Cengage Learning. Bhimani, A. 2006. Contemporary Issues in Management Accounting. Oxford University Press. Bierman, H. and Smidt, S. 2003. Financial Management for Decision Making. Beard Books. Bierman, H. and Smidt, S. 2007. The Capital Budgeting Decision: Economic Analysis of Investment Projects. Routledge. Bierman, H., and Smidt, S. 2007. The Capital Budgeting Decision, Ninth Edition: Economic Analysis of Investment Projects. Routledge Brigham, E. and Ehrhardt, M. 2007. Financial Management: Theory Practice. Cengage Learning. Griff, M. 2014. Professional Accounting Essays and Assignments. Lulu Press, Inc. Holmn, M. and Pramborg, B. 2007. Capital Budgeting and Political Risk: Empirical Evidence. Department of Economics. Hsu, C. 2005. Capital Budgeting Analysis in Wholly Owned Subsidiaries. Journal of Financial and Strategic Decisions 13 (1), pp. 1-6. Huang, X. 2010. Portfolio Analysis: From Probabilistic to Credibilistic and Uncertain Approaches. Springer Science Business Media. Kengatharan, L. 2016. Capital Budgeting Theory and Practice: A Review and Agenda for Future Research. Applied Economics and Finance 3 (2), pp. 15-38. Lunkes, R. et al. 2015. Capital budgeting practices: A comparative study between a port company in Brazil and in Spain. Journal of Public Administration and Policy Research 7(3), pp.39-49. McClure, K.G. 2004. Modified Net Present Value (MNPV): A New Technique for Capital Budgeting. International Review of Economics Business, Conference issue, pp. 67-82. Megginson, W., Lucey, B and Smart, S. 2008. Introduction to Corporate Finance. Cengage Learning EMEA. Mushaho, K. and Mbabazize, M. 2015. The effect of capital budgeting investment decision on organizational performance in rwanda. A case study of Bahresa grain milling Rwanda Ltd. International Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship Research 3 (5), pp.100-132. Nwogugu, M. 2017. Anomalies in Net Present Value, Returns and Polynomials, and Regret Theory in Decision-Making. Springer. Peterson, P. and Fabozzi, F. 2004. Capital Budgeting: Theory and Practice. John Wiley Sons. Peterson, P. P., and Fabozzi, F. J. 2004. Capital Budgeting: Theory and Practice. John Wiley Sons. Pogue, M. 2010. Corporate Investment Decisions: Principles and Practice. Business Expert Press. Pratt, S. P. 2003. Cost of Capital: Estimation and Applications. John Wiley Sons. Shapiro, A.C. 2005. Capital Budgeting and Investment Analysis. Pearson/Prentice Hall. Venkatesh, T.V. and Gugloth, S. 2017. A Review of Capital Budgeting Techniques. SSRG International Journal of Economics and Management Studies (SSRG-IJEMS) 4(3), pp. 7-10. Wilson, T.C. 2015. Value and Capital Management: A Handbook for the Finance and Risk Functions of Financial Institutions. John Wiley Sons.