The African-American Press Timeline 1827 to 1895

The African-American Press  has been a powerful vehicle in fighting social and racial injustice since its inception in 1827.   John B. Russwurm and Samuel Cornish, freedmen in New York City, established Freedoms Journal in 1827 and began with these words We wish to plead our own cause. Although the paper was shortlived, its existence set the standard for African-American newspapers established before the 13th Amendment was passed: fight for the abolition of enslavement and fight for social reform.   Following the Civil War, this tone continued. This timeline is focused on newspapers established between 1827 and 1895 by African-American men and women.   1827: John B. Russwurm and Samuel Cornish establish Freedom’s Journal, the first African-American newspaper. 1828: Abolitionist groups publish The African Journal in Philadelphia and the National Philanthropist in Boston.   1839: The Palladium of Liberty is established in Columbus, Ohio. It is an African-American newspaper run by freed African-Americans. 1841: The Demosthenian Shield hits the printing press. The newspaper is the first African-American news publication in Philadelphia. 1847: Frederick Douglass and Martin Delaney establish The North Star. Published out of Rochester, NY, Douglass and Delaney serve as the editors of the newspaper which advocates for the abolition of enslavement. 1852: Following the passage of The Fugitive Slave Law in 1850, Mary Ann Shadd Cary established The Provincial Freeman. The news publication encouraged African-Americans to emigrate to Canada. The Christian Recorder, the African Methodist Episcopal’s newspaper, is established. To date, it is the oldest existing African-American publication in the United States. When Benjamin Tucker Tanner took over the newspaper in 1868, it became the largest African-American publication in the nation. 1855: The Mirror of the Times is published in San Francisco by Melvin Gibbs. It is the first African-American newspaper in California. 1859: Frederick Douglass establishes Douglass’ Monthly. The monthly publication is dedicated to social reform and abolition of enslavement. In 1863, Douglass uses the publication to advocate for African-American men to join the Union Army.    1861: African-American news publications are a source of entrepreneurship. An estimated 40 African-American owned newspapers are in existence throughout the United States. 1864: The New Orleans Tribune is the first African-American daily newspaper in the United States. The New Orleans Tribune is not only published in English, but also French. 1866: The first semi-weekly newspaper, The New Orleans Louisianan begins publication. The newspaper is published by PBS Pinchback, who will become the first African-American governor in the United States. 1888: The Indianapolis Freeman is the first African-American journal that is illustrated. Published by Elder Cooper, the Indianopolis Freeman. 1889: Ida B. Wells and Reverend Taylor Nightingale begin publishing Free Speech and Headlight. Printed out of the Beale Street Baptist Church in Memphis, Free Speech and Headlight published articles concerning racial injustice, segregation and lynching. The newspaper is also known as Memphis Free Speech.   1890: The Associated Correspondents of Race Newspapers is established. Josephine St. Pierre begins The Women’s Era. The Women’s Era was the first newspaper published specifically for African-American women. During its seven year run, the publication highlighted the accomplishments of African-American women, advocated for African-American women’s rights as well as an end to social and racial injustice. The newspaper also serves as an organ for the National Association of Colored Women (NACW).   1892: Baltimore’s The Afro American is published by Reverend William Alexander but is later taken over by John H. Murphy Sr. The newspaper will become the largest African-American-owned news publication on the east coast. 1897: The weekly newspaper, The Indianapolis Recorder begins publication.

Essay on International Economics of Renewable Energy

International Economics of Renewable Energy Energy is a critical component for every economy and society around the world. Energy is divided into two groups, nonrenewable (coal, oil, natural gas, and nuclear) with a finite amount found around the globe and renewable (hydro, tidal, solar, wind, geothermal, and biomass) that are constantly being replenished so that they will never run out (Green Energy Choice, 2011). The international economic impact of renewable energy is explored by examining subsidies, strategic policies, and comparative advantage of renewable energy. Subsidies Renewable energy in its various forms can be over 5 times more expensive than conventional types of fossil fuel forms of energy generation and none are†¦show more content†¦The state of California has set an aggressive schedule for the required amounts of renewable energy use, stepping from 20% in 2013, to 25% in 2016, and finally 33% by 2020 (DSIRE, 2011). By setting required levels of renewable energy to be used by energy companies the government leaves it up to the generator to develop the most cost effective source of renewable energy and the government faces small cost impacts because the brunt of the costs are forced on the users. Subsides are being provided directly to renewable energy generators by governments all over the world. German has launched an aggressive campaign to have 100% of its energy come from renewable sources. The German government gives direct subsidies to individuals and businesses for the installation of roof top solar panels on their proper ty, thus making renewable energy more attractive for small renewable energy generators (Burgermeister, 2009). Direct subsidies have become a required part of renewable energy for small producers to find it cost effective and current efficiency levels show that they will be required for many years to come. Subsides for renewable energy comes in many shapes and sizes, but the end result is that renewable energy is significantly more expensive than current nonrenewable energy. Perponets of renewable energy claim the economic effects of renewable energy are seen in stable pricesShow MoreRelatedBrazil s Global Energy Development Essay1170 Words   |  5 PagesBrazil is Latin America’s largest renewable energy market notwithstanding flat economic growth as its commitment to renewable energy is strong and has facilitated continuous investment in this segment sighting that nearly 76 percent comes from renewable resources. (International Trade Administration Sector Snapshot) To d ate, wind and hydropower have been the source of Brazil’s renewable energy expansion. As it is projected that new solar energy development over the long term will provide an encouragingRead MoreGlobal Energy Consumption And The State Of Infrastructure1090 Words   |  5 Pagesof these targets in the realization of the goal. Measurability To effectively measure improvement on targets 7.1-7.3, source and levels of global energy consumption must be accounted for. These assessment procedures have been carried out for years by national and international organizations such as the International Energy Agency (IEA) or the US Energy Information Administration (EIA). They use indicators (aggregate and disaggregate) in different sectors (transport, commercial, industrial) to estimateRead MoreAccess Of Modern Energy Is A Combination Of Three Characteristics : Availability, Affordability And Reliability1094 Words   |  5 PagesAccess to modern energy is a combination of three characteristics: availability, affordability and reliability (Reddy, 2015). We can also measure a percentage of the world population with access to affordable and reliable electricity sources (i) and the percentage of people who primarily rely on modern, non-solid fuels (ii) (Wykes et al., 2015). Combined, these two percentages are relevant indicators. The percentages of population per country with access to electricity (i) and modern non-solid fuelsRead MoreThe Long Term Effects Of Increasing Demand For Renewable Energy1690 Words   |  7 Pages Renewable Energy Wind, Water, Sun: Energy for the long run Prepared by Mashfik Shamir Midterm Proposal BUS 160W – An Introduction to Business Writing Queens College August 1, 2013 Professor Denise L. Miller Mashfik Shamir 8531 129 Street Richmond Hill, NY 11418 August 1, 2013 Prof. Denise Miller CUNY Queens College 65-30 Kissena Blvd. Flushing, NY 11367 Dear Prof. Miller: I am submitting this proposal to provide some information on the long term effects of increasing demand forRead MoreImpact Of Climate Change Policy On Employment Essay1313 Words   |  6 Pagesrainfall patterns are shifting, and more extreme climate events, such as drought, flooding, are taking place. 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Likewise, one type of energy generation is either sustainable, e.g. windRead MoreThe Future of Potential Energy Sources633 Words   |  3 PagesFuture of Potential Energy A lot of factors must be considered when it comes to assessing the potential of renewable energy for economic sustainability bearing in mind that the energy sector is continuously growing. It is imperative that available information on Department of Energy DOE, lands and solar and wind renewable energy resources are gathered. This should be followed with appropriate screens for GIS analysis (Dahle, Elliot, Heimiller, Mehos, Robichaud, Schwartz, Stafford, and Walker, 2008Read MoreGEK1549 Assignment 11651 Words   |  7 Pagesarticle â€Å"Fossil Fuels Improve the Planet† (Epstein, 2013), Alex Epstein’s main claim was that fossil fuels should be used without restriction as they provide reliable and affordable energy that improves the lives of mankind. Aiming to convince the reader fossil fuels should be freely used, he first argued that the energy provided by fossil fuels is vital to the health and well-being of mankind. He supported this by stating that processes such as purifying water, mass production of medicine and freshRead MoreResearch And Development Of Primary Energy988 Words   |  4 Pagesrobust and fit for purpose†. (Wykes, Stevens Singer (2015), Measuring what matters in the Energy SDG). In fact, several indicators and measurement methods have been proposed by experts. Indeed, for the target 7.1, a percentage of the worldwide electricity access and reliance on non-solid fuels would be a good indicator. The second target can be measured by evaluating renewable energies share in the total energy consumption over a period of time. 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Fossil Notes Free Essays

1. Form in Several Ways (The following are some of the processes that make fossils. ) a. We will write a custom essay sample on Fossil Notes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Permineralization minerals carried by water are deposited around a hard structure (may replace the hard structure) The most common fossils result from this process. A1. Natural Casts form by water removing the bone/tissue, leaving an impression in sediment. Minerals fill in the mold, recreating the original shape of the organism A2. Trace fossils record activity of an organism. Ex. nests, burrows, Imprints, footprints A3. Amber-preserved fossils are organisms that become trapped in tree resin that hardens into amber after the tree gets buried underground A4. Preserved remains form when an entire organism becomes encased in material such as ice or volcanic ash or immersed in bogs. b. Most fossils form in sedimentary rock (layers of sediment). The best environments for fossilization include wetlands, bogs, and where sediment is continuously deposited Ex. river mouths, lakebeds, and floodplains c. For Permineralization, the organism must be buried or encased in some type of material (sand, sediment, mud, tar) soon after death while the organism’s features are still intact. Then groundwater trickles into tiny pores and spaces. The excess minerals in the water are deposited on the remaining tissues. The mineral deposits are left behind making a fossilized record to replace the organic tissues with hard minerals. It has the same shape as the original structure and may keep tissue. 2. Radiometric Dating Provides an Accurate Estimate of a Fossil’s Age. a. Relative Dating estimates the time during which an organism lived. It’s done by comparing the placement of fossils of that organism with the placement of fossils in other layers of rock. b. Radiometric Dating is a technique that uses the natural decay rate of unstable isotopes found in materials in order to calculate the age of that material. (Done to calculate actual age of Fossil) c. Isotopes are atoms of an element that have the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons. Isotopes are named by their number of protons plus their number of neutrons. C1. Isotopes with unstable nuclei ave their nuclei undergo radioactive decay (break down) over time. This releases radiation in the form of particles and energy. A decaying isotope may turn into a new element.. A half-life is the amount of time it takes for half of the isotope in a sample to decay into a different element, or its product isotope 3. Radioactive Dating a. A fossil’s age can be estimated by comparing the ratio of a stable isotope, to a radioactive isotope. Carbon-14 dating can be used to date objects only up to about 45,000 years old. Older objects can be dated using isotopes with longer half-lives. . Scientists have used radiometric dating to determine the age of Earth by using meteorites 12. 2 The Geologic Time Scale 1. Index Fossils Are Another Tool to Determine the Age of Rock Layers a. Index Fossils are fossils of organisms that existed only during specific spans of time over large geographic areas. b. The best Index fossils are common, easy to identify, found widely around the world, and only existed for a relatively brief time. 2. The Geologic Time Scale Organizes Earth’s History a. The Geologic Time Scale is a representation of the history of Earth. It organizes Earth’s history by major changes or events that have occurred, using evidence from the fossil and geologic records. b. The time scale is divided into a series of units based on the order in which different groups of rocks and fossils were formed. It consists of 3 basic units of time: (Periods are most common) B1. Eras last tens to hundreds of millions of years and consist of two or more periods B2. Periods last tens of millions of years. Each period is associated with a particular type of rock system. B3. Epochs are the smallest units of geologic time and last several million years. How to cite Fossil Notes, Papers

Capital Budgeting and Investment Analysis †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Capital Budgeting and Investment Analysis. Answer: Introduction The present report aims to present an analysis of the investment proposals that are considered by SD Ltd for investing in new machinery. The capital budgeting decisions are very crucial for a business entity in order to select the most profitable investment option that will improve the business performance in future context. The capital budgeting can be stated to be a step by step process that a business entity uses for determining the benefits of an investment project (Bhimani, 2006). The capital budgeting seeks to analyse the risks and returns of a project and thus help in selecting the most attractive option based on their accountability. There are various techniques of capital budgeting used by project managers for analyzing the profitability of a project that are accounting rate of return, payback period, net present value and internal rate of return. The business entities are able to select the most appropriate investment option as per their requirements based on the results of the capital budgeting techniques. The business entities can predict the future cash flows through the help of capital budgeting decisions for developing their potential growth strategies and objectives (Huang, 2010). The selection of a most feasible investment strategy is essential for business entities to achieving competitive advantage in the market place and thus ensuring their sustainable growth and development (Peterson and Fabozzi, 2004). The business expansion and development depends on the capital budgeting decisions and in this context this report evaluates the investment options presented before SD Ltd. The SD Ltd is considering to either implementing G120 or Z125 machinery for automating its production and thus reducing its operational cost. In this context, the report provides an analysis of different capital investment appraisal measures in order to select the most appropriate option. Critical Discussion of Usefulness of the Respective Capital Investment Appraisal Measures Recommendations for Selection of an Option Accounting Rate of Return It is also known as average rate of return (ARR) and is used for selecting the feasibility of an investment option. It is calculated through dividing the average annual accounting profit to be realized from a project by initial investment. The project is accepted if the ARR is greater than required rate of return (Baker and English, 2011). The main advantage of use of this method is that is easy to implement and to use for analyzing the feasibility of a project (Besley and Brigham, 2008). The method is not largely used by the project managers during capital budgeting decisions as it does not take into account the concept of time value of money that can impact the profit generated from a project with change in the interest rates. The ARR method is also mainly based on computing the profits that can be easily manipulated with the change in deprecation methods. Thus, it can provide misleading results during analysis and selection of different investment options. It does not take into ac count the cash flows realized from an investment proposal and therefore do not provide accurate results (Nwogugu, 2017). In addition to this, the method also does not take into consideration the increase in risks of the project over long period of time. The method also is not appropriate for comparison of different projects as it does not consider other factors that should be evaluated for comparison of different projects. The accounting rate of return for the two given options for investment in machinery is different as given in the table. The ARR for G120 is 18% and for the Z125 is 14.7% and therefore on the basis of ARR the SD Ltd is recommended to select the investment proposal of investing in G120 machinery (Wilson, 2015). The payback period is referred to as time-period required for recovering the cost of an investment. The payback period helps in taking decisions regarding to invest in a project or not. The longer the payback period of a project less it is suitable for investment purpose. The concept is very simple to be used and also to be understood. It can be calculated even without the use of a calculator. The method specifically emphasizes on the time required to recover the cost of a project and as such provides an assessment of its risk. Therefore, it can be used to compare the risks of different projects on the basis of their payback periods (Holmn and Pramborg, 2007). The method also has a drawback of not considering the concept of time value of money while determining the feasibility of a project. It only focuses on assessing the liquidity of a project and does not consider its profitability. The method does not take into account the cash flows that will be received after the payback period. As per this method, it can be said that SD Ltd should consider the project G120 for investment in comparison to Z125 as it have less payback period (Mushaho and Mbabazize, 2015). Net Present Value (NPV) The net present value can be stated as the difference between cash inflows and the cash outflows that is calculated for analyzing the profitability of a project (McClure, 2004). It is calculated through the use of following formula: The NPV evaluates the feasibility of a project through calculation and summation of all the discounted cash flows of a project that is either positive or negative. Thus, it is highly sensitive to discount rates. The project is accepted if it is expected to generate positive IRR and rejected if it provides negative IRR. The NPV method estimates the feasibility of a project on the basis of the cost of capital and the risk involved in estimating the future cash flows. The NPV method also is very useful for determining the expected value a project will create for a company (Bierman and Smidt, 2003). The project managers use the capital budgeting technique of NPV for calculating the cash flows of different investment options separately. However, its biggest disadvantage is that it is based on numerous assumptions about the cost of capital of a company. Therefore, if the cost of capital of an entity is considered to be very low it can result in making sub-optimal investments and it is very high then it can result in not selection of many appropriate investment options. As such, based on the NPV of the given two investment options for SD Ltd, the Z125 machinery investment option should be selected as its NPV is 420,194 and 284,864 (Bierman and Smidt, 2007). The internal rate of return (IRR) in capital budgeting decisions is used to assess the profitability of potential investment options. It is said to be a discount rate at which the NPV of all the cash inflows from a project becomes zero. It is thus used for calculating the breakeven point of a project. The most significant advantage of the use of this method is that it considers the concept of time value of money in analyzing the feasibility of a project. Also, it is simple to understand and so largely used by accounting managers in capital budgeting decisions. The decisions regarding the acceptance or rejection of a project in this technique is not based on the required rate of return. The major disadvantage of the method is that it does not consider the economies of scale Also, it does not analyse the profitability of a project on the basis of the project size. The cash flows are compared with the capital amount and therefore the projects with different capital investment cannot be compared as higher IRR will be obtained from a small project. The IRR method only emphasizes on the estimated cash flows of a project and does not consider the potential costs that can impact its future profitability. The method also cannot be used when the discount rate of a project is not known. As per the internal rate of return, the G120 investment option is selected in comparison to Z125 because it provides larger IRR (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2007). On the basis of analysis of all the four capital investment appraisal measures, it can be said that SD Ltd should select the investment option for investing in G120 machinery because it has higher IRR, lower payback period and higher ARR. The lower payback period of G120 investment option indicates that it has minimum risk and therefore it will recover its cost of investment in short period of time. The accounting return of return is also higher which means that G120 investment option will help in generation of more net income in comparison to the other option. The IRR of G120 option is higher indicating that the rate of return of this option is higher in comparison to other. The NPV of Z125 is higher as it evaluates the attractiveness of a project for inviting on the basis of cost of capital. The Z125 is a highly capital intensive project and as such its NPV value is higher in comparison to G120 option. Therefore, the most appropriate investment option for SD Ltd is investing in G12 0 machinery for improving its production process (Megginson, Lucey and Smart, 2008). Reasons for payback favor to the G120 option and NPV the Z125 option in the given case As depicted from the given table, the payback and NPV method of capital budgeting used for analyzing the feasibility of the two given investment options have shown different results. The payback capital budgeting technique favors G120 option as it has lower payback time therefore it will recover its cost in small period of time in comparison to other investment option. On the basis of pay-back method, it can be said that G120 investment option is less risky as it recover its cost of investment quickly. The NPV method favors Z125 option because it provides maximise wealth to the shareholders as it has larger NPV than G120 option. The NPV methods calculate the present value of cash flows and derive the value of a project that will be added to the shareholders wealth. The overall analysis provided by NPV is based o the cost of capital (Peterson and Fabozzi, 2004). The assessment provided by the NPV method can be said to be more reliable and therefore the company can consider the selecti on of investment option for Z125 machinery. The NPV value can be said to more reliable as it analyses the profitability of a project o the basis of the concept of time value of money and also provides results by considering the cash flows to be realized at the end of a project. Thus, it predicts the best investment option for a company by considering the future changes in the market place (Pogue, 2010). However, the payback period method is considered to be less reliable than NPV method because the results provided by it have not considered the factor of time value of money. Therefore, the company can select the Z125 machinery investment option as NOV method is more reliable capital budgeting technique in comparison to payback method. However, as per my opinion in the given case the G120 option is less risky because the projects that have payback period less than 3 years are accepted on the basis of their less risk. The Z125 option has more risk as its payback period is more than 3 years. Therefore, the company by selecting the G120 option can reduce its risk and by realizing the breakeven point earlier can re-invest the funds for earning greater profits. Also, the investing in Z125 would require the company to invest its entire capital budget as it requires more capital (Pratt, 2003). Therefore, the company should play safe and is recommended to invest in the projects that have les s risk that is in G120 option. Both the option does not consider the project size and therefore on the basis of results of payback period and NPV value, it is suggested that SD Ltd should select the investment option of G120 because it have less risk. The company is not in position of taking higher risk due to capital budget constraints and therefore recommended to select the results obtained from payback period method (Shapiro, 2005). Analysis of Confidence of Finance Director in the given case about achieving IRR would in excess of 15% for both options of G120 and Z125 The IRR (Internal Rate of Return) is regarded as the discount rate at which the net present value of cash flows becomes zero. The internal rate of return is often selected as the best option to accept or reject a project if the other factors are considered to be constant. On the other hand, the net present value is said to be the difference between the present value of cash inflows and outflows. It evaluates the profitability by taking into consideration the value of a dollar in present with that in the future (Hsu, 2005). The NPV and IRR both evaluates the profitability of a project by considering the time value of money and are used in combination by the project managers for analyzing and comparing the investment options. The relation between NPV and IRR can be used to describe the reason for the confidence of finance director that IRR would be greater than 15% for both the investment options. The NPV of a project if is less than zero then IRR is also less than the cost of capital and the project will be rejected (Griff, 2014). This is because the rate of return of a project is less than the expenditure incurred during carrying the project and therefore it is not able to realize its breakeven point. However, if NPV is equal to zero, then IRR is equal to the cost of capital and the project will be probably rejected as it will provides less return (Al-Ani, 2015). However, if NPV is greater than zero, then IRR is also greater than cost of capital and the project is accepted on the basis of providing it large profitability. As such, in the given scenario, the NPV is calculated through applying the cost of capital to be 15%. The NPV of both the projects as evaluated are positive and therefore it can be said that IRR of both the projects will be above 15%. This is because the IRR is calculated at the discount rate when NPV becomes zero. Therefore, the discount rate of both the projects would be above 15% to arrive at NPV to be zero which is calculated at the cost of capital rate of 15% (Lunkes et al., 2015). Impact of the Investment Option of a potential purchase of new engine plant The evaluation of the third investment option of new machinery with cost of 2,080,000 and NPV of 140,800 for SD Ltd can be done through considering the following two assumptions: Assumption 1: This option assumes that only one investment cession will be considered by SD Ltd out of the total three options. In this case, there will be no impact of the given option as its NPV is less than the NPVs of both G120 and Z125. Hence, it can be said that in the case of company only selecting one investment option it will either choose G120 and Z125 (Venkatesh and Gugloth, 2017). Assumption 2: This assumption assumes that two investment options from the three can be selected. In this case, the two investment options that can be selected by SD Ltd in combination are G120 and the new investment option. This is because the total capital budget of the company for investment purpose in the new machinery is equal to the overall initial investment that is to be made in investing the machinery option of Z125, that is, 3,232,000. As such, the total capital budget that will be required for undertaking both the investment options of G120 and the given new investment option will be 3,19,2000. This is the summation of the initial investment for G120 and the new investment option. Also, the combined NPV of both the projects will be 425,664 that is greater than the NPV of Z125 machinery investment option of 420,194. However, the company cannot take the investment decision to invest in the given new investment option and the Z125 option. This is due to the fact that SD Ltd only has a maximum capital budget that is equal to the initial investment required for investing in the Z125 machinery (Bierman and Smidt, 2007). Therefore, it is not feasible for the company to undertake any other investment option in addition of the Z125 option. As such, it can be said that the company if want to select the two investment options then it should decide to invest in the new machinery of the given investment option and the G120. This will help the company to achieve higher NPV in comparison to investing only in the investment option of Z125 within its capital budget constraints (Kengatharan, 2016). Conclusion Thus, it can be said from the overall discussion held in the report that capital budgeting decisions plays a critical role for achieving success from a capital project. The capital budgeting techniques analyzed in the report, that are, accounting rate of return, internal rate of return, net present value and the payback period are very important for evaluating the potential worth of a project, These techniques provides a base for accepting or rejecting a project under consideration based on its potential profitability and returns. The SD Ltd should select the investment option from the given tow machinery of G120 and Z125 after thorough analysis of the results obtained from the use of capital budgeting techniques. This is essential so that the company can achieve its strategic goals and objectives which it wants to achieve through installation of new machinery. The results obtained from the capital budgeting techniques in combination with the business requirements would decide the se lection of the most appropriate investment option. References Al-Ani, M.K. 2015. A Strategic Framework to Use Payback Period in Evaluating the Capital Budgeting in Energy and Oil and Gas Sectors in Oman. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues 5(2), pp. 469-475. Baker, K. and English, P. 2011. Capital Budgeting Valuation: Financial Analysis for Today's Investment Projects. John Wiley Sons. Besley, S. and Brigham, E. F. 2008. Essentials of Managerial Finance. Cengage Learning. Bhimani, A. 2006. Contemporary Issues in Management Accounting. Oxford University Press. Bierman, H. and Smidt, S. 2003. Financial Management for Decision Making. Beard Books. Bierman, H. and Smidt, S. 2007. The Capital Budgeting Decision: Economic Analysis of Investment Projects. Routledge. Bierman, H., and Smidt, S. 2007. The Capital Budgeting Decision, Ninth Edition: Economic Analysis of Investment Projects. Routledge Brigham, E. and Ehrhardt, M. 2007. Financial Management: Theory Practice. Cengage Learning. Griff, M. 2014. Professional Accounting Essays and Assignments. Lulu Press, Inc. Holmn, M. and Pramborg, B. 2007. Capital Budgeting and Political Risk: Empirical Evidence. Department of Economics. Hsu, C. 2005. Capital Budgeting Analysis in Wholly Owned Subsidiaries. Journal of Financial and Strategic Decisions 13 (1), pp. 1-6. Huang, X. 2010. Portfolio Analysis: From Probabilistic to Credibilistic and Uncertain Approaches. Springer Science Business Media. Kengatharan, L. 2016. Capital Budgeting Theory and Practice: A Review and Agenda for Future Research. Applied Economics and Finance 3 (2), pp. 15-38. Lunkes, R. et al. 2015. Capital budgeting practices: A comparative study between a port company in Brazil and in Spain. Journal of Public Administration and Policy Research 7(3), pp.39-49. McClure, K.G. 2004. Modified Net Present Value (MNPV): A New Technique for Capital Budgeting. International Review of Economics Business, Conference issue, pp. 67-82. Megginson, W., Lucey, B and Smart, S. 2008. Introduction to Corporate Finance. Cengage Learning EMEA. Mushaho, K. and Mbabazize, M. 2015. The effect of capital budgeting investment decision on organizational performance in rwanda. A case study of Bahresa grain milling Rwanda Ltd. International Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship Research 3 (5), pp.100-132. Nwogugu, M. 2017. Anomalies in Net Present Value, Returns and Polynomials, and Regret Theory in Decision-Making. Springer. Peterson, P. and Fabozzi, F. 2004. Capital Budgeting: Theory and Practice. John Wiley Sons. Peterson, P. P., and Fabozzi, F. J. 2004. Capital Budgeting: Theory and Practice. John Wiley Sons. Pogue, M. 2010. Corporate Investment Decisions: Principles and Practice. Business Expert Press. Pratt, S. P. 2003. Cost of Capital: Estimation and Applications. John Wiley Sons. Shapiro, A.C. 2005. Capital Budgeting and Investment Analysis. Pearson/Prentice Hall. Venkatesh, T.V. and Gugloth, S. 2017. A Review of Capital Budgeting Techniques. SSRG International Journal of Economics and Management Studies (SSRG-IJEMS) 4(3), pp. 7-10. Wilson, T.C. 2015. Value and Capital Management: A Handbook for the Finance and Risk Functions of Financial Institutions. John Wiley Sons.

Assignment Global Warming Essay Example

Assignment: Global Warming Paper The word Global Warming was first used by National Academy of Sciences in 1979 in a paper called The Charley Report, which wrote: If there is a continuous increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, therell be no reason to doubt that climate changes will come up and no reason to believe that these changes will be close to insignificant. The report made a contrast between referring to changes in surface temperature as Global Warming while referring to various other changes caused by increased CO as climate change. Global warming became more commonly popular basically after 1988 hen a NASA climate scientist James Hansen used the term in a demonstration to congress. He said, Global warming has reached to such a stage that we can describe it with a great degree of confidence as a cause and effect relationship between the green house effect and the noticed warming. His statement was widely reported and the word Global Warming was ordinarily used in public disclose and by the press. Reference: http:// www. Protectorate. Net/Project/Deities/1508 Global warming has been one of the biggest environmental and humanitarian crises since the late 19th century. We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment: Global Warming specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment: Global Warming specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment: Global Warming specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Decades have been spent by the scientists o figure out what actually is causing global warming. Natural cycles and events that are known to influence climate have been looked upon. But the pattern and amount of warming that has been measured cannot be explained only by these factors. The only explainable way is to take into consideration the effect of greenhouse gases (Eggs) in the atmosphere due to human activities. A group of scientists called the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change or EPIC was formed by the United Nations to bring all this information together. Latest scientific findings are reviewed every few years y the EPIC meetings and reports are written summarizing all that is known about global warming. Every report puts forward an agreement, or a consensus among hundreds of major leading scientists. The first thing that scientists found out is that warming is caused by several greenhouse gases, which are emitted by humans in a number of ways. Most of them come from burning of fossil fuels in factories, cars and electricity production. Carbon Dioxide or CO is the gas responsible for most of the warming. Methane discharged from landfills and agriculture, mainly from digestive systems Of razing animals, nitrous oxide released from fertilizers, gases which are used for industrial processes and refrigeration, and cutting down of forests that would otherwise store CO are some other contributors of global warming. The effect of green house gases such as carbon dioxide, deforestation, emissions from burning fossil fuels, trapping of unnecessary heat that should otherwise escape from the earth, causing a rise in its average surface temperature is known as global warming. It is also called the greenhouse effect. Heat trapping carbon dioxide overloads the earths atmosphere and asses large scale disruptions and other disastrous consequences. Warming of the climatic system is absolute, scientists being decisive that it is primarily due to increasing concentrations of green house gases contributed by various human activities of polluting the environment. Different heat-trapping abilities are found in different greenhouse gases. Some of them capable of trapping more heat than CO. A single molecule of methane emits more than 20 times the warming of a single molecule of CO. Nitrous oxide being 300 times more powerful than carbon dioxide. Gases such as chlorofluorocarbons eave been banned In many parts of the world because of their ability to degrade the ozone layer. Such gases trap the heat thousand times more than CO does. But because they have low concentration than CO, none Of them add that much warmth to the atmosphere as much as CO does. To understand the impacts of all gases together, scientists usually talk about all greenhouse gases in terms of the commensurate amount of CO Yearly emissions of carbon dioxide equivalent have gone up by 6 billion metric tons worldwide since 1990, more than 20% increase. Reference: http:// environment. Encephalographic. O. In/environment/global-warming/go causes Rising temperatures worsen smog pollution and increase the number of bad air days wherein it becomes hard to breathe. Irritated eyes, nose, and lungs are some of its symptoms, and is mainly dangerous for people who suffer from respiratory diseases like asthma. Unhealthy air pollution will keep getting worse as the climate changes. Across the globe, climate change is the reason for making hot summer days hotter and stretching their numbers to never ending heat waves. As the temperature rises, so are the number of illness, emergencies and deaths. In a way, the heat is causing more than just discomfort. Record highs in the summer of 201 0 were seen in more than 37 states of the U. S. , and in much of the regions, the temperature did not seem to cool off at night. Nationwide, more than 28. 5 million people resided in countries where 201(Yes standard temperature set records, and more than 36 million people lived in countries where they experienced hottest summer nights that were ever recorded. As a result of temperature rise, longer summers and changing rainfall patterns, insects like mosquitoes capable of carrying and transmitting various diseases like dengue fever can remain active for longer periods and seasons in wide areas, highly increasing the risk for people who live there. Tropical and subtropical insects tend to move from regions where infectious diseases advance into new places due to increase in precipitation, heat and humidity. Reference: http://www. NRC. Org/ globalization/ National science academies of all chief industrialized nations have recognized such findings of change in the global temperature. Indications are such that the global surface temperature during the 21st century is mostly to rise a further 1. 1 to 2. 9 degree Celsius for the minimum emissions case and 2. To 6. 4 degree Celsius for the maximum. A rise in the sea levels, change in the pattern and amount of precipitation, probable expansion of subtropical deserts are some of the effects of increase in the global temperature of earth. The continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice are associated with fact that strongest warming is predicted in the Arctic region. Other anticipated effects of the greenhouse warming include a more continual occurrence of extreme weather events comprising of heavy rainfall, heat waves, droughts, ocean acidification and extinction of various species due to shifting imperative system. Change in climate has accorded to a rise in extreme weather events, which includes high intensity hurricanes in the North Atlantic and much heavier rainfalls across the globe. Scientists believe that climate change will raise the frequency of heavy rainstorms, which will put many communities at risk for havoc from floods. Injury and death, hazardous material spills, contaminated drinking water, moldy houses, rise in the population of disease carrying rodents and insects and community disruptions are some of health impacts and risks caused by flooding. Streams lakes and rivers can overflow as rains keep getting heavier increasing the risk of water-borne diseases flowing into drinking water sources. Reference: HTTPS://www. Boundless. Com/chemistry/thermometers/energy-use-and- environment/ environmental-pro mess-ass OIC dated I-use/ When the dots are connected between extreme weather and climate change and health, the lines are clear. The earth is showing something with record heat, storms and droughts. Scientists are showing us this is what global warming looks like. One of the most serious public health threats facing the earth is limited change, though very less people are aware of how it can affect the population. The most vulnerable are the elderly, the children and communities living in poverty. The main reason why our planet is getting hotter is Carbon pollution, which increases the chances of drought, flood and weather disasters, thereby hurting our health. Water is life, and this precious resource is being threatened by climate change. Climate change is going to have convincing impacts on the sustainability of supplies of water in the coming decades. As parts of the globe get drier, the quality and quantity of eater available is likely to decrease creating an impact on peoples health and food supplies. A new breakdown, executed by consulting firm Tetra Tech for the NRC, looked into the effects of global warming on water supply. The study found out that one third Of all countries in lower 48, I. E. More than 1100 countries will be facing higher risks of water shortages as a result of global warming by the mid-century. Extremely high risks of water shortages will be faced by more than 400 of these countries. Reference: http://www. NRC. Org/ health/climate/disease. Asp Global warming has been observed in various natural systems. Rise of the sea level and across the board decreases in snow and ice extent are some of the observed temperature changes. Most of the rise in global average temperature since the mid 20th century, with high anticipation, is because of the human-induced changes in the concentration of greenhouse gases. Global emissions are still expected to grow over time even though there are policies to reduce emissions. Sea level rise for the 21st century is estimated to range from 0. 18 to 0. 59 meters. The melting of ice sheets will induce even higher rise in the sea level. Changes in regional climate include more warming ever land, most of it being at high northern latitudes, and least warming over parts of the Northern Atlantic Ocean and the Southern ocean. In addition, Arctic is expected to be largely ice free by September 2037. Calculation shows with high statistical confidence, that particular weather events like the heat waves in Texas and the 2003 European heat wave would not have occurred if there Was no global warming. These temperatures are expected to intensify the hydro-logical cycle, with more extreme droughts and floods. Though, consequences on hurricane activity are less certain. In terrestrial ecosystems, he earlier timing of spring events and shifts in plant and animal ranges have been associated with much of surety to recent warming. Future change in the climate is bound to notably affect certain ecosystems, along with tundra, mangroves and coral reefs. Expectations are such that most ecosystems will be altered by higher atmospheric CO levels, amalgamated with higher global temperatures. Overall, it is estimated that climate change will bring about the extinction of many species and will reduce the diversity of ecosystem. Ocean acidity rises due to dissolved CO in the water. This evil twin of global climate hanged is ocean acidification. Increase in the ocean acidity leads to reduction in the amount of carbonate ions, which organisms such as foraminifera at the base of marine food chain use to make structures needed to sun. vive. The current rate of ocean acidification has increased at a high rate in the past 300 million years due to which four mass extinctions took place one of it being the Permian mass extinction, which killed 95% of marine species. Vulnerability of human societies to change in the climate lies largely on the effects of extreme-weather events rather than the gradual change in the climate. Some of the impacts of climate change so far include unfavorable effects on small islands, adverse effects on aboriginal populations in high latitude areas, and other small apparent effects on human health. In the form of coastal flooding, water supply level going down, increase in health impacts and malnutrition, climate change is liable to badly affect hundreds of millions of people during the 21st century. According to the recent studies, by 2030, SOUth African maize production could decrease by 30% while millet, rice and maize production in South Asia could go down by 10%. Yields in developing Mounties by 2080 could decrease by 10% to 20% on average while India is expected to see a drop of 30% to 40%. The present population is expected to double by 2100, when maize and rice yields could go down by 20% to 40% because of raising temperatures and stressed water supplies. Future warming is assumed to go up by 3 degree Celsius by 2100 (relative to 1990-2000), leading to a reduction in global food production. Human settlements and vital infrastructures in small islands and mega-deltas are expected to be in danger because of the inundation as a result of sea level rise. This could lead to issues of homelessness in countries with low lying lands such as Bangladesh and statelessness for populations in countries like Tuba and Maldives. Reference: http://globetrotters. Webs. Com/globalization. Tm There are various solutions for Global Warming. For starters, by increasing the use of renewable and clean energy and reducing our dependence on fossil fuels, carbon pollution can be cut down. Implementing policies that will help us prepare for drought, flooding and storms and other climate change consequences, is very necessary. But first, national leadership is needed that ill encourage people to stop ignoring what the earth and scientists are telling us about the changing climate.

Efficient Memory Techniques for Better Performance

Efficient Memory Techniques for Better Performance Invincible 5 Memory Practices For The Examination Commencing revision barely a day to the examination can be dangerously imprudent as it does not guarantee a good performance. In the same breath, jamming the materials at the 11th hour is also ill-advised, and you should strive to prepare in advance. Lack of preparation leaves you irritably exasperated as you will be trying to remember something you read but to no avail. This feeling of anger will eat into your exam time because you will be pondering how the situation would have been if only you had read and had all the content at your fingerprints. Going blank in an exam room is a situation most students are well acquainted with from personal experiences. Nevertheless, you can evade because it is possible to turn your mind into you’re the biggest resource and as research shows, the human mind can accommodate large amounts of information. 1. Intertwined Revision Most subjects teach related knowledge and as such, reviewing this subject independent of each other is not a sensible thing to do. Studies show that linking previous knowledge with new ones increases the level of comprehension. The question that remains is, what is the explanation behind this fact? To put things into more perspective, paint this picture in your mind. Assume that the knowledge you possess is a road map in your mind and each time you learn something new, that is a different street you are adding to the plan. When you need to access specific material, your brain will run through different corridors to track that information. Develop a virtual map in your mind Identify the different topics that you need to study and draw the connection between them in your mind. Additionally, identify the topics that you are already conversant with and the knowledge you possess. This move will aid you in linking the connection between the topics. 2. Get enough sleep Students believe that burning the midnight oil studying is a sure way to getting good grades in an examination. However, this could be not any further from the truth as research proves that getting enough rest is vital for refreshing and rejuvenating your mind. Adequate sleep aids the processing of new information learned. Prepare a study timetable After you learn of the exam date, prepare a study timetable indicating which topic you will tackle and at what time. Early preparation will go a long way to help you get that grade you so desire, and you will be able to get enough sleep the night before the examination. 3. Talking reinforces remembrance Narrating a story evokes your memory as you will feel the need to tell it exactly how it happened without omitting any details. Again, research shows that people tend to recall things better if they are to tell it as a story to other people. As a student, you should take advantage of this, tell a friend what you learned detail by detail, in the process, the information is most likely to stick to your memory. Pen down a revision article Find something that interests you and builds your revision story based on it. Imagine individuals, objects, places or symbols and assign each of these a topic, formula, or the fact that you need to memorize. This technique has been proven to be effective as it not only makes the learning process simpler, it provokes you to dig deeper into your creative abilities. 4. Revise! Revise! Revise! Revising is not as fun as compared to other activities like playing video games or surfing on your computer, and it is easier to have wishful thinking that we could take one look at the materials and that will do. Still, revision is a chief factor that will determine your performance in an examination. Revision enables you to identify the areas you are weak in and focus your concentration on those topics. Find study mates   The benefits of a study group are quite significant. Explaining a concept, you have learned to a friend increases your understanding of the matter. At your request, your study mates can ask you difficult questions to determine your preparedness and level of knowledge. At times it can be a challenge finding a study group you will be comfortable in and freely interact. Strange enough, you could record yourself recounting what you have learned and play it later on. 5. Reflection as memory heightening technique Scientists have established that reflecting heightens your memory although there have not been specific details explain how this happens. The presumption is, reflection develops imaginative and attentiveness. The development is due to the quiet and peaceful environment that meditation requires. Moreover, reflection helps you unwind and relieve pressure, and this might be a good way to spend your time before the examination. Look for a reflective instruction guide Credit to technology, instructional guides on reflection are on the internet or various mobile applications. Make an effort to follow a ten-minute meditation for a couple of days or weeks and observe if you will notice any changes (improvement) in your attentiveness when studying. Different students have different needs, and some may not find reflection an effective method of preparing for their examination. There are other ways of revising that require a lot more exertion, but they are worth the while as they are effectual. According to psychologists, approximately a month of practice is needed to alter a mental routine. My advice is, attempt the above memory practices and examine whether studying become an easier and enjoyable experience for you.

Plato's Dialogues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Plato's Dialogues - Essay Example Eventually, the son is taught the unjust speech which enabled them to get rid of the creditors. However, the son also does not spare his father but gives him a beating due to a disagreement on recitation of poetry and justifies his actions using sophistry. The father gets angry and burns the Thinkery as well as chasing students away for deceiving him. What is then the difference between Socrates of the cloud and Socrates of platonic dialogues? These two present Socrates as two different individuals or an individual having two personalities. In the clouds Aristophanes portrays Socrates as an intellectual man who teachers others especially the young how to make arguments. This is contrary to platonic dialogues and especially in his defense (on the Apology) where he argues that he is not a teacher thus there is no way he can corrupt the young. He argues that he is not a wise man as revealed in the oracle by his friend Chaerephon. This he says is because he knows nothing unlike the polit icians, poets and craftsmen. However, in the clouds Socrates is a knowledgeable man who has made a lot of discoveries. When Strepsiades visited the sophistry the student told him of how Socrates had discovered jumped by a flea, the cause of the buzzing noise by a gnat and also huge pair of compasses for measuring the land. Now he was engaged in discovering celestial bodies such as the sun. Besides, his work was to teach the young how to make arguments, in this case there are two types of arguments superior and inferior or just and unjust. Another difference between the Socrates of the cloud and Socrates of platonic ideas besides being a teacher is that in the clouds he is not against nature but following it. Aristophanes says that Socrates emerged in a balloon basket hanging mid-air. He was thus walking in the air to speculate about the sun. This he explained to Strepsiades helps him to suspend judgment and open the mind to new ideas. This shows that Socrates was interested in natur e thus following it to discover more. Furthermore, more of his students were bent on the earth trying to discover what lies underneath the earth thus he was trying to discover celestial bodies. No wonder he was accused of â€Å"studying all the things in the sky and below the earth and teaching the same things to others.† On the other hand, platonic dialogues though they do not deny his concern for natural science do not depict him as following nature either. Instead, he is portrayed as a critical and rational thinker depicted by the manner in which he asks questions and makes conclusions. When the oracle declared him as the wisest man of all he didn’t accept the situation there and then but set out to understand what being wise means by studying those people who considered themselves as wise such as politicians and poets. He discovered that he was indeed the wisest since those who consider themselves wise did not know what to be wise means but at least for him he did not pretend to know and the beginning of wisdom is accepting that we do not know and surely if the gods decided he was wise then he must be wise. He also engaged in questioning Euthyphro to discover what piety and impiety means. â€Å"Is it pious because the Gods love it, or do the Gods love it because it is pious†

Theories of Motivation in Organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Theories of Motivation in Organisations - Essay Example Michael J. Julius refers to the idea of motivation as, â€Å"The act of stimulating someone or oneself to get the desired course of action† (cited in Bagad, 2009, pp.2-39). Besides this general definition, the idea becomes more specific within an organization and referred to be an internal force that directs the behaviors towards achieving organizational goals. It deals with human motive force and desire of competence is considered to be the strongest source of motivation for human action (Bagad, 2009, pp.2-39). Raju and Parthasarathy (2009) support Badad and explain that motivation is considered to be the drive to satisfy a want or goal, and satisfaction is experienced in case of achievement. A person who has low level of motivation for a certain job might be high at satisfaction level, or the reverse (p.153). According to Moorhead and Griffin, performance at job depends on three factors: motivation, environment and ability. In order to achieve highest level of performance, employee must ‘have an urge to do the job’ (motivation), ability and material resources (environment).Deficiency of even one factor can result in low level of performance and consequently, productivity (cited in Bee, 2009). Motivation in an organization also secures voluntary cooperation from workers. It creates will to work and build confidence among both employees and employers. Understanding motivation has never been simple as it involves complex human emotions and behaviors. There are different human motivation theories and also their various classifications which developed from early approaches and ideas of motivation. According to Bee (2009), early views about motivation came from the concept of hedonism. Hedonism refers to the idea that people avoid pain and look for comfort and satisfaction. Despite explaining contemporary human ideology, this theory is unable to explain most of human behavior. For

International Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 12

International Marketing - Essay Example omotion of goods and services and exchange of such goods and services among two or more international entities in order to satisfy organizational objectives (Arnold, 2003). In this paper, the international marketing strategies and practices of the leading US multinational carbonated beverage company PepsiCo Inc. will be analysed. The company is one of the largest producers of soft drinks in the whole world. Apart from carbonated soft drinks, the product basket of PepsiCo Inc. is diversified with various foods and snacks, packaged drinking water and fruit juices. The products of the company have reached more than 200 countries in the world. Such widespread business has enabled PepsiCo Inc. to capture the second largest position in the world in terms of revenue and in North America, it is the largest. The paper will explore the international marketing and operational strategies of this world-famous beverage company, PepsiCo Inc. In the next segment, the motivation of PepsiCo Inc for expanding their business internationally and accordingly differentiated marketing, sales and distribution strategies adapted by the company will be examined in details. As mentioned earlier, due to the liberalization of economies, many companies are showing their interest in expanding their business internationally and maximizing their profitability through serving a large number of customers beyond the home country. In fact, observations of the big multinational companies have indicated that immense business opportunities are lying in the emerging nations in terms of potential customer base and availability of cheap resources, utilizing which, the companies can be benefitted to a great extent (Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, 2011). The reasons behind PepsiCo Inc to participate in internationalization process are as follows. PepsiCo Inc has been operating in the beverage industry in its home market, United States since 1965 and has evolved as one of the leading companies in the

The Owl and the Pussy-Cat by Edward Lear | Analysis

The Owl and the Pussy-Cat by Edward Lear | Analysis The Owl and the Pussy-Cat In this essay I will be analysing Edward Lears poem ‘The Owl and the Pussy-Cat (Appendix 1), first providing a technical stylistic analysis concentrating on sound patterning, secondly locating its place in the history of poetry for children, and thirdly how the poem envisages childhood. Written in December 1867 for the daughter of a close friend of Lear, it was first published in an anthology by Lear entitled Nonsense Songs, Stories, Botany, and Alphabets (1871). Since then it has been published, illustrated, translated, and set to music many times. In 2001 it was voted Britains favourite poem. Lear uses simple, but creative language to tell the enchanting story of the voyaging sweethearts; the incongruous bird and cat. Comprising three stanzas, each eleven lines long, it consists of twin ballad quatrains and a three-line refrain, composed in a distinctive iambic metre. The rhyme scheme is ‘abcbdefe alternating between four and three stressed syllables per line, followed by the refrain ‘eee consisting of two lines with just one stressed syllable, and a final line with three. This uniform rhyme scheme not only gives the poem musical structure, but also coheres the very different parts of the story. The rhythmic parallelism of the refrains, in which all three lines end with the same stressed word, is a strict pattern in itself and foregrounds this part of the poem as it takes on an incantatory feel. Although the refrains are not the dominant structure of the poem, they do add musical reinforcement. The regular metrical pattern is what gives the poem its rising rhythm (anapests) and sing song form and there is little to disrupt the flow of the rhythm, or the story. The aim then is simplicit y and repetition; indeed the first instance of repetition occurs in the opening line, which features the poems title words thereby reaffirming the focus of the poem. But in the first stanza, the most noticeable sound pattern is the concentration of /p/ sounds; a phonological parallelism that extends across the text with the words ‘Pussy, ‘pea, ‘plenty‘ and ‘pound as well as occurring in ‘wrapped and ‘up. The recurrence of this plosive consonant emulates the plucking of guitar strings, which not only enhances the rhythm but also the visual effect of the serenading owl. While the plosive /p/ in ‘Pussy paired with the /b/ in ‘beautiful is not quite alliterative, it is sonorous and seductive of music, reflecting the depth and passion of the owls endearments. Note, too, that Lear also uses punctuation to emphasize meaning; the exclamation marks at the end of lines ten and eleven denote an expression of the owls feelings suggesting tha t the relationship is indeed more than just friendship. In addition to repetition and alliteration, Lear employs strong full rhymes to reinforce sound, meaning and rhythm, and they play an active part in the mood and purpose of this poem. Perfect end rhymes are the most noticeable, but there are also strong internal rhymes, namely occurring in every third line of each stanza, but also in the fifth line in the second and third ones. This mix of one and two syllable rhymes act as a sub-refrain bringing the song sound ‘round and round again to our ears while the text becomes more and more whimsical. Sound and musicality are further brought to our attention by the chiming end rhyme between ‘sing and ‘ring in lines thirteen and fifteen. The words are bright and short, as is the vowel sound, but followed by the consonant /ng/ the sound is extended, and the repetition of ‘ring in the refrain helps to mimic the ringing of a bell where we may hear the onomatopoeic resonance of ‘bong (from ‘bong-tree). The third stanza culminates in a concentration of internal and assonant rhymes which conjure a visual and aural feast to match the wedding banquet itself, with the final lines evoking the who-o-o, who-o-o of an owl through the long vowel /oo/ in ‘moon. All the qualities of song are present: pleasure, ease of repetition, memorability, rhythm, rhyme and refrains. The apparent spontaneity of these elements emerge from very traditional principles and Lears witty organisation. Besides musicality, the other main feature of the poem is ‘word-play with Lear incorporating occasional invented words: ‘bong-tree, ‘Piggy-wig and the nonsense adjective ‘runcible. As well as having a humorous effect, they introduce elements of spontaneous fantasy that punctuate the surreal journey of the anthropomorphised animals. Although these words appear made-up they still remain, just, within our normal expectations of English. However, the fact that they do deviate from the poems surrounding simple language means they are foregrounded, thus, the reader/listener pays particularly attention to them because they are satisfying to say without necessarily having to make sense. Even though ‘runcible has no actual meaning (although it has since been popularly defined as a three-pronged fork curved like a spoon) it has a phonological playfulness with the rolling of the ‘r in ‘run followed by the two syllables in ‘cible. The hyphenation o f ‘Piggy-wig actually incorporates the phonemes and meanings of two words, ‘pig and ‘wig, managng to succeed as an internal rhyme. While the inclusion of these words doesnt really add anything to the meaning of the phrase, they do at least sustain, and quite possibly strengthen the rhythm. It is not until the final stanza that the rhythm is disrupted slightly by the ‘running over of line twenty-three into twenty-four without a pause. The effect of this enjambment is that we are hurried on to a pivotal stage in the story, the point at which a transaction occurs. The caesura at the word ‘ring creates not just a pause, but also a brief tension as we await the pigs answer. Note, too, that the direct speech in these lines references traditional marriage vows reinforced by the stress on the words ‘willing and ‘will. Furthermore, this transaction also brings the ‘real world nearer to the surface. Without a ring the marriage cannot take place. Only when the ‘deal has been done can the tale, and thus the poem, continue as before. Once the regular rhythm resumes it drives the narrative onward, ending with feline and fowl dancing ‘hand in hand, on the edge of the sand†¦by the light of the moon. Imagery created by the moonlight (traditionally invoked as being romantic) means the enchantment of the scene dances on with the fantasy sweethearts and is where the reader/listener has to leave them. In spite of the whimsical narrative and word-play the poem is solidly anchored by the strong iambic ‘gait woven through the traditional ballad form of tetrameter and trimeter. The rising rhythms move the poem along whilst being controlled by the full and stable rhymes, making it very satisfying. Lears talent first saw the light of day in A Book of Nonsense (1846) containing a collection of his limericks and amusing illustrations which proved an immediate success with readers and critics. Lears work, along with that of Lewis Carroll, developed and popularised nonsense literature, especially with regard to their use of ‘nonsense words, thus, it is often seen as a distinctively ‘Victorian genre. But literary nonsense existed long before this and, as Styles points out in her essay about the history of poetry for children, can be traced back to the ‘wildness of the nursery rhyme (Styles, p. 211). These ancient and traditional rhymes from the oral tradition, familia rly known as ‘Mother Goose rhymes, are a collection of verses, lullabies, rhymes and tunes offering humour, repetition and storytelling, although few were originally created or intended for children. Eighteenth century poetry considered suitable for children was mostly didactic or moralistic, and often mean-spirited. Its chief aims were concerned with saving the soul and creating good character and, like other childrens literature, mostly reflected the ideas that adults held about what children should be interested in. But as Puritanism waned and new ideas about childhood emerged, poetic collections written specifically for children began to appear. Tommy Thumbs Song Book (1744) was the first attempt to put nursery rhymes from the oral tradition into print, and two collections from William Blake in 1789 and 1794, although not specifically written for children, did capture the essence of childhood. Other volumes of child-centered poetry appeared in the early part of the ninetee nth century, and even though poets at this time continued to follow in the same moralistic tradition there was a growing interest in childrens emotions and experiences. The mid and late nineteenth century produced Stanzaan abundance of poetry for children, including that of Lear, which coincided with the changing views on childhood. Although the roots of nonsense verse are earlier than the nineteenth century, this is the period the most celebrated and notable examples appear. Lears limericks and nonsense rhymes were not just enjoyed by children, but also by adults, who found them a welcome relief from the restrictive teachings of the Church and Victorian society in general. These witty and humorous rhymes were fun to read aloud and easy to remember. But Lears work is not just distinguished by his linguistic play; it also included eccentric and comical drawings. Although his illustrations for ‘The Owl and the Pussy-Cat are somewhat conservative in that the animals are depicted quite realistically and appear expressionless, they do offer an interpretative effect and would have greatly enhanced the impression of the poem at the time of publication. By contrast, the single illustration in 100 Best Poems for Children (Puffin, 2002) is unsophisticated and childlike. While the small brightly coloured picture does offer a modicum of interpretation, in the context of the anthology its purpose is more generic and there is very little for a child to linger over. The lack of illustrations implies that the value of the text is greater than the visual component, and that the anthology is aimed at the older child who can read independently. Indeed, the publishers own website advertises it for an age group of eight to twelve years. Intere stingly, Montgomery points out that the book ‘includes rhymes for the (just) pre-schooler (Montgomery, p. 137) which suggests that the purpose of this anthology is not just for children to read alone, but also by parents, or in the classroom. Certainly part of the appeal and enduring popularity of ‘The Owl and the Pussy-Cat is that it lends itself to group choral reading. The poems jaunty rhythm, playful rhymes, nonsensical words, and the enchanting tale it tells all conspire to grab a childs attention. Creative words and light hearted verse mean children can explore language and enjoy words for their sound and the images they conjure without it necessarily having to make sense. Although the story is reminiscent of fairytales, it is the ‘nonsense words that distinguish the ‘real world from make-believe. Whether the child believes that owls and pussycats really do sail away and get married in the moonlight is irrelevant: a story, especially one told in the for m of a poem or song, is understood by the child to be part of play and the imaginative world, not the ‘real one. The rhythm and sound-patterns of the poem are more important than the potential ‘reality or credibility of the tale being told. However, the prioritising of sound and rhythm over sense and ‘realism does not mean that this ‘nonsense poem is meaningless. Lear plays on the sound of words, but with or without the nonsensical elements logic still exists and it is a perfectly coherent tale of romantic love. Yet themes emerge in terms of different depths as well as in terms of being central or peripheral. The surface topic, the one most appealing to children, is a jolly tune about animal adventures hinting at love and a comedy of marriage. On another level it is a strange pairing of species and events set to a rather hypnotic rhythm. Deeper down still, both protagonists are carnivores and night hunters. The poem then is not just about innocent ‘nons ense, but also something uncanny. Lear manages to achieve a balance between elements that seem to make sense and elements that do not; a fanciful tale set against the solid foundations of traditional song, familiar everyday language and image unfamiliarly juxtaposed, conventional but also childish. It gratifies the childs appetite for the musical and for the strange. The organisation of the rhythms, rhymes, and nonsensical words gives the poem a whimsical, and yet compelling narrative than lodges in the mind of the adult as well as the child. All these elements contribute to making it entertaining and memorable: ‘nonsense that delights the ear and the imagination.

Gender in Shakespeares As You Like It :: Shakespeare As You Like It Essays

Gender in As You Like It One of the most intriguing aspects of the treatment of love in As You Like It concerns the issue of gender. And this issue, for obvious reasons, has generated a special interest in recent times. The principal reason for such a thematic concern in the play is the cross dressing and role playing. The central love interest between Rosalind and Orlando calls into question the conventional wisdom about men's and women's gender roles and challenges our preconceptions about these roles in courtship, erotic love, and beyond. At the heart of this courtship is a very complex ambiguity which it is difficult fully to appreciate without a production to refer to. But here we have a man (the actor) playing a woman (Rosalind), who has dressed herself up as a man (Ganymede), and who is pretending to be a woman (Rosalind) in the courtship game with Orlando. Even if, in modern times, Rosalind is not played by a young male actor, the theatrical irony is complex enough. The most obvious issue raised by the cross dressing is the relationship between gender roles and clothes (or outer appearance). For Rosalind passes herself off easily enough as a man and, in the process, acquires a certain freedom to move around, give advice, and associate as an equal among other men (this freedom gives her the power to initiate the courtship). Her disguise is, in that sense, much more significant than Celia's, for Celia remains female in her role as Aliena and is thus largely passive (her pseudonym meaning "Stranger" or "outsider" is an interesting one). The fact that Celia is largely passive in the Forest of Ardenne (especially in contrast to Rosalind) and has to wait for life to deliver a man to her rather than seeking one out, as Rosalind does, is an interesting and important difference between the two friends. These points raise some interesting issues. If becoming accepted as a man and getting the freedom to act that comes with that acceptance is simply a matter of presenting oneself as a man, then what do we say about all the enshrined natural differences we claim as the basis for our different treatment of men and women?

The Vinaya Pitaka

The Vinaya Pitaka The Buddhist Canon is called the Tipitaka (literally ‘3 baskets’) and consists of three distinct collections of the teachings of the Buddha designated, respectively, Sutta Pitaka (SP), Vinaya Pitaka (VP) and the Abhidhamma Pitaka (ABP). The SP contains the discourses of the Buddha while ABP deals with the metaphysical aspects of Buddha’s teaching. VP embodies a comprehensive account of the rules of monastic discipline framed for the conduct and guidance of Bhikkus and Bhikkunis.Buddha personally supervised the Bhikkus and Bhikkunis for 20 years without any specific rules and framed rules only when the numbers increased and rules became necessary. Buddha at Parinibbana nominated no successor and directed that whatever Dhamma and Vinaya was preached by Him, that will be the Teacher. All the rules were recited with reference to their subject, background and application and codified as the Vinaya Pitaka at the 1st council. The VP is divided and sub-d ivided in the following manner : 1. Sutta Vibhanga a)Maha Vibhanga (Bhikku Vibhanga) b)Bhikkuni Vibhanga 2. Kandhaka a)Mahavagga b)Cullavagga 3.Parivara Sutta Vibhanga contains the Pratimoksha Sutta (Principal rules of Discipline) which is the nucleus of the Vinaya. Rules are framed in the form of offences and failures to observe norms of conduct. Sikkhapada rules (220 for Bhikkus & 304 for Bhikkunis) are classified according to their seriousness under different categories in the following manner : CategoryNo. for BhikkusNo. for Bhikkunis Parajika48 Sanghadisesa1317 Nissagiya pacittiya3030 Aniyata20 Pacittiya92166 Patidesaniya48 Sekhiya7575 220304 Adhikarana samatha77 (Disciplinary action procedures) †¢Parajika are the most grave offences and are inexcusable.The offending monk is expelled from the sasana. Sanghadisesa offender can be restored after he has undergone certain penalties and maintained good behaviour. Other offences can be excused after making a confession. Sekhiya rules are norms of conduct for a descent life and are not treated as offences. Mahavagga opens with a historical account of the development of the Buddha sasana from Buddha’s enlightenment up to the conversion of Kolita and Upatissa (chief disciples) and deals with the following subjects in the other chapters. (a)Procedures for the fortnight assembly (uposatha kamma) b)Residence during the rainy season (vassana and pavarana) (c)Rules for ecclesiastical acts (vinaya kamma) and for personal hygiene. Cullavagga is a continuation of the Mahavagga and deals with the following subjects : (a)Punishment for violation of rules (b)Hospitality towards visiting monks from other monasteries (c)The dissention caused by Devadatta (d)Establishment of the Bhikkuni order (e)1st and 2nd Buddhist councils. Parivara is the 5th volume of the VP and is of secondary importance. This text is believed to be a compilation made in Sri Lanka after the introduction of Buddhism to Sri Lanka.

Compare and Contrast Between Anthem and a Handmaids Tale essays

Compare and Contrast Between Anthem and a Handmaids Tale essays A Compare and Contrast Essay Between Anthen The two novels, The Handmaid's Tale and Anthem, are both haunting, first person tales of personal hardship in a closed and controlled society. In this essay I will point out many important similarities and differences between the two books, mainly the setting and the similarities between the two societies in which the stories take place, as well as more important differences between the main characters. To start I would like to compare the settings of the two books. In Anthem the story takes place sometime in the future after some catastrophic event. Apparently society as we know it was destroyed and the leaders that were left decided that the problem was the individual, that all men are equal in all things and that anything that is created by one person is evil. This train of thought is carried to such and extreme that the very word "I" is removed from their vocabulary. An example of this is found when the main character, Equality-1329, re-invents the electric light. He shows his invention to the scientist and although this invention could improve the quality of life of the people it is deemed "evil" because he worked on his project alone. The society in this book is also strict and authoritarian to the point of dictating what your job will be, to whom you will have children with. In The Handmaid's Tale the story takes place sometime in the near future after some kind environmental catastrophe that makes it impossible for most women to have children. To solve this problem some radicals set off a nuclear bomb in Washington during a full session of congress and then declare marshal law. They then systematically took all rights away from women and forced the ones that could have children into camps where they would be contracted out to powerful ranking officials to have their children. These women are referred too as "handmaids." ...

Free Essays on Strengt Testing

Compressive & Tensile Strength Testing OBJECTIVE Our purpose to determine some mechanical properties (compressive and tensile strength) of steel bar and concrete. 1- TENSILE STRENGTH TESTING INTRODUCTION There is as yet no standard test for directly determining tensile strength. However there are two common methods for estimating tensile strength through indirect tensile tests. The first, is the splitting test carried out on a standard cylinder specimen by applying a line load along the vertical diameter. It is not practical to apply the a true line load to the cylinder because the side are not smooth enough and because it would induced high compressive stresses at the surface. Therefore, a narrow loading strip made of soft material is used. Another way of estimating tensile strength is the flexural test. A specimen beam 6 x 6 x 20 inches is molds in two equal layers each rodded 60 times, once for each 2 in2 of top surface area. The beam may be vibrated and should be cured in the standard way. This test tends to overestimate the true tensile strength by about 50%. This can be explained by the fact that the simple flexural formula used is based on a linear stress-strain distribution whereas concrete has a nonlinear distribution. This is an important test because it model how a concrete beam is normally loaded. EXPERIMENTAL WORK Specimen : Steel Bar Apparatus : Venier compass Steel type meter Testing machine for tensile strength EVAULATION Required : a)Tensile Stress of Steel Bar, Æ’ (max) = ? MPa b)Yield Stress of Steel Bar, Æ’ (yield) = ? MPa a) Æ’(max) = Pmax / Area ; Pmax = 76.89 kN Æ’Ãâ€" = 14 mm Area = 0.000154 m2 Æ’(max) = 76.89 / 0.000154 = 499300 kN/m2 (MPa) b) Æ’(yield)=Pyield/ Area ; ... Free Essays on Strengt Testing Free Essays on Strengt Testing Compressive & Tensile Strength Testing OBJECTIVE Our purpose to determine some mechanical properties (compressive and tensile strength) of steel bar and concrete. 1- TENSILE STRENGTH TESTING INTRODUCTION There is as yet no standard test for directly determining tensile strength. However there are two common methods for estimating tensile strength through indirect tensile tests. The first, is the splitting test carried out on a standard cylinder specimen by applying a line load along the vertical diameter. It is not practical to apply the a true line load to the cylinder because the side are not smooth enough and because it would induced high compressive stresses at the surface. Therefore, a narrow loading strip made of soft material is used. Another way of estimating tensile strength is the flexural test. A specimen beam 6 x 6 x 20 inches is molds in two equal layers each rodded 60 times, once for each 2 in2 of top surface area. The beam may be vibrated and should be cured in the standard way. This test tends to overestimate the true tensile strength by about 50%. This can be explained by the fact that the simple flexural formula used is based on a linear stress-strain distribution whereas concrete has a nonlinear distribution. This is an important test because it model how a concrete beam is normally loaded. EXPERIMENTAL WORK Specimen : Steel Bar Apparatus : Venier compass Steel type meter Testing machine for tensile strength EVAULATION Required : a)Tensile Stress of Steel Bar, Æ’ (max) = ? MPa b)Yield Stress of Steel Bar, Æ’ (yield) = ? MPa a) Æ’(max) = Pmax / Area ; Pmax = 76.89 kN Æ’Ãâ€" = 14 mm Area = 0.000154 m2 Æ’(max) = 76.89 / 0.000154 = 499300 kN/m2 (MPa) b) Æ’(yield)=Pyield/ Area ; ...

One of the major strengths of the culture metaphor rests in the fact Essay

One of the major strengths of the culture metaphor rests in the fact that it directs attention to the symbolicsignificance of even the most rational parts of organisational life [Gareth Morgan, 1986] - Essay Example It is in this uniqueness that the significance of organizational culture resides; in this formulation, â€Å"culture† contains the seeds of distinction that can differentiate a given organization from its competitors in the market, resulting in success or failure. Culture is not only the opposite of rationality; it transcends rationality and becomes the something extra that brings a necessary human element to organization, imbuing an abstract collective with identity, personality and â€Å"a face.† This opposition, and its transcendence, has been at the heart of all analyses of â€Å"culture† dating back to the early days of the discipline of Anthropology in which â€Å"other,† seemingly irrational foreign cultures were investigated by Western academics and researchers, whose goal was to discern the underlying and apparently unapparent rationality. In this original formulation, culture both obscures rationality and gives it its unique form; the same holds true for the analysis of business and organization. Organisational culture is both a product of formal organizational rules and structures, and also helps to produce the structures themselves, both formally and in their practical function. Like all cultures, organizational cultures have subcultures as well as practices and values that directly contradict the stated values and norms of a given organisaton. Both the relationships between organizational culture and the larger structure of an organization, as well as the relationship between formal â€Å"values† and the values as practiced by employees, managers or other organizational figures are best investigated through direct, analytical observation, an anthropological practices known as â€Å"ethnography.† An example of the relationship between organizational culture and formal structures as mutually reinforcing systems may

Network Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Network Security - Essay Example (Petersen and Davie, 2012; C?etinkaya et al, 2010) 2. 0 Overview of Network Fundamentals, Security Threats, and Issues The simplest form of a computer network is a pair of computers connected with each other by the means of an Ethernet cable, Bluetooth, etc. However, we generally see complex networks involving several. The basic hardware requirements to develop a computer network involve network adapters, network hubs and switches, routers and access points, modems, and network cables. Modern corporate networks use wireless router and access points, which accommodate both wired Ethernet connectivity for desktop PCs and wireless connections for mobile devices and notebook computers. (Petersen and Davie, 2012) Regarding security threats and issues, we must understand that recently the hackers are aiming corporate information, media centers, and other kinds of different information security systems. CEOs and CIOs at organizations are facing unforeseen challenges like email bombardment, spamming, denial of service, and distributed denial of service attacks. Moreover, protection of the systems and networks from spyware, malware, viruses, etc. is an imperative particularly when they are connected to a public inter-network. (Andress, 2011, C?etinkaya et al, 2010) 3. ... The firewall sets up a kind of filter when the internal network of the company is connected to a public network. (Zwicky et al, 2000) VPN is the abbreviation of Virtual Private Network. It is a kind of private data network which â€Å"makes use of the public telecommunication infrastructure, maintaining privacy through the use of a tunneling protocol and security procedures† (VPNC, 2008). It operates independently of the public network (e.g. Internet) and has customized access control and dedicated network operating system at the server side. 3.2 Recommendations for Firewalls and VPNs A firewall must spotlight Internet security and support filtering the diverse websites, programs and applications run on the Web, and scrutinize threats during surfing. It should also accept/reject the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) client requests and control the Remote Assistance Services (RAS). Also, Mueller (2011, p. 7-130) has stated that â€Å"Users install third party firewalls and virus p rotection products in many cases, so you’ll also need to consider these third party products as part of an overall application strategy.† According to the experts at VPN Consortium, the major rationale of a VPN is to provide the company with the similar facilities as privately held leased lines can provide. Additionally, technologists are striving to keep VPN technology cheaper and simpler without making considerable usage of public infrastructure through sharing or cloud computing. Telephone companies have commercially offered privately shared network resources through technology services like VoIP, mail servers, database integration, etc. throughout the last decade. However, a VPN makes it feasible to have

In the afterlife, will Leonard deserve punishment for the muders he Essay

In the afterlife, will Leonard deserve punishment for the muders he committed in the flim The Momentum - Essay Example For this essay, it means this: the willful, deliberate commission of a morally incorrect act. Also, for purposes of necessary brevity, let us say that Leonard was not morally justified in the homicides that he committed. It is the opinion of this writer that Leonard will not be punished for the killings he engaged in, due to the caveat in the above definition regarding deliberate action. This implies that the person committing the action must 1. Understand the difference between right and wrong; and 2. Voluntarily choose to do wrong anyway. Given this definition, what sort of acts would be excluded from it? First of all, acts that are purely the results of circumstances outside the person’s actions are not â€Å"wrong,† even though they may cause horrible suffering and tragedy. As an example, imagine a motorist driving along a busy commercial street when a child suddenly runs in front of his car and is truck and killed. Let us say that the driver is not under the influence of drugs or alcohol, and that he is within the speed limit and operating his vehicle in a manner consistent with the principles of responsible driving. Let us also assume that he did not see the child until she was in the path of his car, and that he could not brake in time to prevent striking her fatally. Neither did he have time to swerve his car in another direction. Intention to strike the child, no malice in his heart towards her. It was an unfortunate accident in the purest sense of the word. He should not be punished by the courts for his act, nor by God or some other entity that apportions reward and punishment in the afterlife. In a real sense, in fact, it can be argued that he did not â€Å"act† in this scenario at all. The real culprit in the sad affair was the laws of physics. The man had no knowledge of the coming event and hence was unable to act to prevent it.

Industrial Revolution In Great Britain Essay Example for Free

Industrial Revolution In Great Britain Essay The Industrial Revolution touched all over the world with an unprecedented degree bringing their economic, social, political and cultural spheres in its domain. Started in England in 18th and 19th century, it brought a complete change to the economy of England transferring it from agrarian to Industrial Economy. All the important centers were flourishing with the Mills and factories, and whole of England hummed with the rattle of looms and the boom of weaving machines. It was a period of intellectual thoughts and scientific innovations. Science once a sealed book saved to an elect few was democratized, and more and more scientific enthusiasts dedicated themselves to the popularization of scientific works like Darwin’s origin of species. The man of science was no longer an academic recluse, but a social figure exercising a deep and profound influence on the social and educational life of the age. Industrial revolution also swept with its broom of scientific inventions, the old conventions of the England, European and American Society. As Harold Perkin said, â€Å"the Industrial Revolution was no mere sequence of changes in industrial techniques and production, but a social revolution with social causes as well as profound social effects. †1 According to an Economic historian, â€Å"In 1960 it was England which first brought into effect, â€Å"The takeoff into self-sustained growth. 2 Till the end of the nineteenth century England was the Workshop of the World, and after that Germany, Japan and United States took over. Over and above Industrial Revolution also reflected the capacity of man to overcome nature. 1. The History Guide: Lectures on Modern European Intellectual History, The Origins of the Industrial Revolution in England, Last Revised: October 11, 2006 Retrieved 23 April 2007 http://www. historyguide. org/intellect/lecture17a. html 2. ibid. In 17th century Father of Modern Science, Francis Bacon (1561-1626) even said that natural philosophy which is called as Science could be applied to solve all the practical problems faced by man. He raised the question how the man could attain perfect freedom if he had to labour to supply the necessities of existence and the answer was obviously, with the help of machines. These devices could free the mankind from excessive pressures of labour, which could be utilized in some other useful and productive purpose. 1 In 1745, Benjamin Franklin’s Fluid theory was a scientific revolution which led to the birth of the Industrial Revolution in the late 1700s. This Fluid theory was also called as Franklins theory of the Matter of Electricity and of Heat. After that there were spurt of inventions that led the world to take the shape where we are sitting now. 2 When the Industrial revolution was at its adolescent stage, the important source of power that was commonly used was coal followed by Iron and Steam. They were predominantly in use by brewing, metalworking, and glass and ceramics industries. The English industrialist Abraham Darby used high-carbon, which was converted form of coal and produced iron from iron ore. This coke became a good substitute of charcoal and the Metal makers used coal and coke abundantly to produce raw iron, bar iron, and other metals. 3 The invention of Steam engine to pump water was the greatest invention ever, which was first invented by an English engineer Thomas Savery in 1689 to pump water from mines. In 1712 Thomas Newcomen invented its improvised version. 4 1. The History Guide: Lectures on Modern European Intellectual History, The Origins of the Industrial Revolution in England, Last Revised: October 11, 2006 Retrieved 23 April 2007 http://www. historyguide. org/intellect/lecture17a. html 2. Microsoft ® Encarta ® Online Encyclopedia 2007, Industrial Revolution, Retrieved 23 April 2007 http://encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761577952_5/Industrial_Revolution. html#howtocite 3. Edward Lewis, â€Å"Introductory Essay: Is It Possible to Predict Scientific and Economic Development? † The Periodic Production of Rationalized Phenomena and the Past Periodic Depressions, April 16, 1999 Retrieved 23 April 2007 http://cust38. metawerx. com. au/rusart. html 4. Microsoft ® Encarta ® Online Encyclopedia 2007, Industrial Revolution, Retrieved 23 April 2007 http://encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761577952_5/Industrial_Revolution. html#howtocite James Watt, a Scottish engineer formed an engineering partnership with manufacturer Matthew Boulton in 1775, which was a major step in Industrial Revolution and proved as creative technical center for British economy. 1 The Industrial Revolution also owes much to the development of Textile Industry. In 1733, John Kay invented a flying shuttle, which mechanized the process of weaving. By 1770, British inventor and industrialist James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny, which spines large number of threads at once, and Richard Arkwright invented water-powered spinning machine, which allowed single spinner to develop various strands of yarn at one go. Slowly and slowly machines run by water or steam filled large, new mills and factories. The results of these inventions were the increase in the output of goods per worker. Now a single spinner or weaver can churn out the volumes of yarn or cloth as compared to earlier workers. This achievement of Man was a milestone in the human history. 2 Industrial revolution was started in Wales in the second half of the 18th century, but as it was predominantly an agrarian economy, there was very little progress. Around 1811 the inhabitants of 79 out of the 8,800 villages of Wales were still dependent on the agriculture. Slowly and slowly, during the reign of Elizabeth 1 Industries started began to sprung up for e. g. Iron making in Pontypool and Bersham, lead and silver mining in Flintshire and Cardiganshire, copper smelting in Neath and Swansea and coalmining in west Glamorgan and lintshire and changed the whole economy of Wales. With the adoption of crop rotation, the use of lime, the enclosure of wasteland and the development of proto-industrial production, especially in the woolen industry, there was significant progress. And as soon as 18th century approached there were 19 metalworks at Holywell, 14 potteries at Buckley, cotton mills at Holywell and Mold, lead and coalmines at Bersham saw the dawn of the new era. 3 1. Microsoft ® Encarta ® Online Encyclopedia 2007, Industrial Revolution, Retrieved 23 April 2007 http://encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761577952_5/Industrial_Revolution. html#howtocite 2. Microsoft ® Encarta ® Online Encyclopedia 2007, ibid. 3. bbc. co. uk, Wales History, Retrieved 23 April 2007, http://www. bbc. co. uk/wales/history/sites/nation/pages/industrial_revolution01. shtml Corts puddling process, which was invented in Wales in 1784, was responsible for the increase in the rate of iron production and became so popular in Wales that it came to be known as the Welsh method. Bersham also invented cylinders, which were predominantly used in Watts engines and the ironworks being carried out in South Wales. In Wales only the first experiment of Locomotion was conducted and also supplied fuel for steam engines. 1 The new era of railways started in Wales only with Richard Trevithick, a Cornish engineer, who on 21st February 1804, ran a steam engine from Merthyr Tydfil to Abercynon. This train pulled 10 tons of iron and seventy passengers who jumped on it to take their first ride in the World, 2 later it was embraced by George Stephenson who was an engineer in the mining industry. He started the steam engines that pulled wagons up from the pit face. After this development he built a locomotive in 1814. George Stephenson was also appointed as a chief engineer of first railways between Stockton and Darlington. He later manufactured the famous Rocket, between Manchester to Liverpool line in 1830. 3 Though this Industrial revolution brought material advancement and Industrial progress yet spread the social unrest and economic distress. On one hand it created the privilege class of capitalists and mill owners but also brought in its wake the semi starved and ill class of labourers. As and as there were increase in Factories the people were shifting towards cities and towns. The cities increased to more than 20,000 and of Wales increased from 12 in 1800 to 200 at the end of the century. 4 1. bbc. co. uk, Wales History, Retrieved 23 April 2007, http://www. bbc. co. uk/wales/history/sites/nation/pages/industrial_revolution02. shtml 2. Wisdom and walks in the valleys of Southwales, Heroes of the Industrial Revolution, Retrieved 23 April 2007 http://www. wisdomandwalks. co. uk/products. asp? ProductID=1 3. SchoolsHistory. org. uk, Inventions that fuelled the Industrial Revolution Retrieved 23 April 2007 http://www. schoolshistory. org. uk/IndustrialRevolution/inventions. htm 4 David E. Newton, â€Å"Industrial Revolution-Effects Of The Industrial Revolution† Science Encyclopedia Vol. 3 Retrieved 23 April 2007 http://science. jrank. org/pages/3574/Industrial-Revolution-Effects-Industrial-Revolution. html This abject suffering, which labor class had to go through was an edible proof of the fact that Industrial Revolution was more of a curse than a boon. The whole landscape of Wales gave a look of devastated â€Å"Waste Land† with coal -mines, factories and mills churning out steams reducing the beauty of the nature to the elbow edge. The safety devices were very meager causing deaths and accidents. There were every year 43,000 cases of widow hood, and 112,000 cases of destitute orphanage in England and Wales alone. 1 With all this the growing importance of masses and the large number of Factory hands gave a spurt to the Reform Bills in the form of Factory Acts to give some relief to the children and women. 2 The Industrial revolution also opened the doors for women now finding their place in textile Industries, work shops and even in coal mines. In Wales the population in the quarrying sector became three times more. 3 Group of Non-conformist quarrymen constructed a chapel in their working area which they called by the name of Bethesda and it went on increasing with the population of 8,291 in 1881 in the Parish of Llanllechid compared to 1332 in 1801. 4 The living standard of the people had also considerably changed and they were living in either cottagers, or stone strewn slopes, such as Cilgwyn, or living in terraced houses, such as in Bethesda or Blaenau Ffestiniog. Only few had gardens and pigsty at the other end of the house. The wages of workers varied between 8d (3? p) to 1/- (5p) per day and the copper miners at Mynydd Parys were getting from 1/- to 1/8 per day. 5 1. Everything 2, The Industrial Revolution: Blessing or curse for the working class? Retrieved 23 April, 2007 http://everything2. com/index. pl? node_id=983010 2. Industrial Revolution, Retrieved 23 April, 2007 http://www. fatbadgers. co. uk/Britain/revolution. htm 3. SchoolsHistory. org. uk, Working Conditions in the Industrial Revolution Retrieved 23 April 2007 http://www. schoolshistory. org. uk/IndustrialRevolution/workingconditions. htm 4. Women in History World, The Plight of Womens Work in the EarlyIndustrial Revolution in England and Wales Retrieved 23 April , 2007 http://www. womeninworldhistory. com/lesson7. html 5. Slatesite, The History of Quarrying The Industrial Revolution, Retrieved 23 April, 2007 http://www. llechicymru. info/IHistindRev. english. htm Both the Industrial Revolution and Scientific advancement brought a complex society with social problems on one hand and democratic consciousness on the other. There was a conflict between aristocracy and plutocracy as well as democracy and socialism. The last vestige of personal government and divine rights of rulers vanished and the House of Commons became the ruling power.WORKS CITED 1. bbc. co. uk, Wales History, Retrieved 23 April 2007 http://www. bbc. co. uk/wales/history/sites/nation/pages/industrial_revolution01. shtml 2 Everything 2, The Industrial Revolution: Blessing or curse for the working class? Retrieved 23 April, 2007 http://everything2. com/index. pl? node_id=983010 3. Industrial Revolution, Retrieved 23 April, 2007 http://www. fatbadgers. co. uk/Britain/revolution. htm 4. Lewis Edward, â€Å"Introductory Essay: Is It Possible to Predict Scientific and Economic Development? † The Periodic Production of Rationalized Phenomena and the Past Periodic Depressions, April 16, 1999 Retrieved 23 April 2007 http://cust38. metawerx. com. au/rusart. html 5. Microsoft ® Encarta ® Online Encyclopedia 2007, Industrial Revolution, Retrieved 23 April 2007 http://encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761577952_5/Industrial_Revolution. html#howtocite 6. Newton E. David, â€Å"Industrial Revolution-Effects Of The Industrial Revolution† Science Encyclopedia Vol. 3, Retrieved 23 April 2007 http://science. jrank. org/pages/3574/Industrial-Revolution-Effects-Industrial- Revolution. html 7. Slatesite, The History of Quarrying The Industrial Revolution, Retrieved 23 April, 2007 http://www. llechicymru. info/IHistindRev. english. htm 8. SchoolsHistory. org. uk, Working Conditions in the Industrial Revolution Retrieved 23 April 2007 http://www. schoolshistory. org. uk/IndustrialRevolution/workingconditions. htm 9. SchoolsHistory. org. uk, Inventions that fuelled the Industrial Revolution Retrieved 23 April 2007 http://www. schoolshistory. org. uk/IndustrialRevolution/inventions. htm 10. The History Guide: Lectures on Modern European Intellectual History, The Origins of the Industrial Revolution in England, Last Revised: October 11, 2006 Retrieved 23 April 2007 http://www. historyguide. org/intellect/lecture17a. html 11. Wisdom and walks in the valleys of Southwales, Heroes of the Industrial Revolution, Retrieved 23 April 2007 http://www. wisdomandwalks. co. uk/products. asp? ProductID=1 12. Women in History World, The Plight of Womens Work in the EarlyIndustrial Revolution in England and Wales Retrieved 23 April, 2007 http://www. womeninworldhistory. com/lesson7. html